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反滲透膜元件化學清洗細節

2024-06-06  來自: 衡美水處理公眾平臺 瀏覽次數:209

如何進行水處理

衡美水處理為您介紹一項水處理專業知識——反滲透膜元件化學清洗細節。

一、反滲透膜污染分析與判斷

為了提高清洗效果,清洗前需要對膜污染的狀況進行分析,確定污染物的種類,根據反滲透膜污染、結垢的具體情況,選擇有針對性的清洗劑進行清洗。


反滲透膜元件


1、分析途徑

1)分析設備性能數據。

2)分析給水中潛在的污染、結垢成分。

3)分析SDI儀的膜過濾器收集的污染物。

4)分析濾芯過濾器的污染物。

5)檢查管道內表面和膜元件兩端的狀況。

6)必要時剖開膜元件進行分析,查找污染、結垢成分。

2、分析方法

膜污染嚴重時,可通過染色試驗、顯微鏡分析、傅立葉變換紅外線光譜(FTIR)分析、掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)分析、能源頻射X光線(EDX)分析等查找原因,判斷故障位置。以上幾種分析鑒定方法有的犧牲膜元件,有的需要借助專門儀器、設備,費用較高。實際應用中常常采用以下簡便易行的分析方法。

1)目測

在確定系統已經發生污染,需要實施化學清洗時,先打開壓力容器端板,直接觀察污染物在壓力容器端板與膜元件之間的間隙內累積的情況。一般根據直接觀察即可基本確定污染物的類型,繼而確定相應的清洗方案

A、前段污染觀察

預處理濾料(砂粒、活性炭)泄漏、膠體污染、有機物污染和生物污染,前端嚴重,可以從前端膜元件入口觀察到顆粒物及粘液狀污染。發生生物污染時會發現腥臭味粘液物質,灼燒刮取的生物粘泥(粘膜),會有蛋白質的焦臭氣味。

B、末端污染觀察

無機鹽結垢在系統末端為嚴重,在末端膜元件端頭處可以摸到粗糙的粉狀物。用鹽酸(PH 3~4)溶解時有氣體冒出,說明沉淀物可能是CaCO3。硫酸鹽垢、硅垢在PH很低時也很難溶解。如果垢在0.1 mol/L HF溶液中是可溶的,則可能是硅垢。

2)稱重

污染的膜元件進水流道附著了污染物,整體重量會加大。將取出的膜元件豎立放置,瀝干水分后稱重,與膜元件的參考重量進行對比,多余的重量即為附著污染物的重量。

3)參考污染特征進行判斷

另外,還可參考反滲透膜污染物的污染特征進行分析判斷。


反滲透膜元件


二、滲透膜的化學清洗

1、清洗條件

下列情況出現時需要及時清洗膜元件:

1)標準化產水量降低1/10

2)進水和濃水之間的壓差上升了15/100

3)標準化透鹽率增加1/10~15/100

4)系統各段壓差明顯上升。

一般以設備初運行48 h所得到的運行記錄為標準化后的對比數據。

2清洗設備

1)清洗箱

起混合與循環作用,要求耐腐蝕,材料可選用玻璃鋼、聚氯乙烯塑料或鋼罐內襯橡膠等。清洗水箱應設有溫度計。清洗箱的大小大致是空的壓力容器的體積與清洗液循環管路的體積之和,一般應考慮20/100的裕度。

2)清洗泵

應耐腐蝕,如玻璃鋼泵。它所提供的壓力應能克服保安過濾器的壓降、膜組件的壓降和管道阻力損失等,一般選用壓力為0.3~0.5 MPa。水泵的材質至少是316不銹鋼或非金屬聚酯復合材料。

3)其他

清洗系統中應設有必要的閥門流量計和壓力表以控制清洗流量,連接管線既可以是硬管也可以是軟管,應耐酸堿腐蝕。

3、清洗藥劑

膜分離系統的化學清洗方法主要有酸法和堿法兩種,具體采用何種清洗方法取決于膜系統的污染物性狀。

4、清洗步驟

1)清洗單段系統

A、系統沖洗

用反滲透產品水(也可用符合反滲透進水標準的預處理水或過濾水)沖洗反滲透膜組件和系統管道。

B、配制清洗液

清洗液原則上用反滲透產品水配制。清洗劑應充分溶解并混合均勻,然后調節PH (酸洗一般用氨水調節,堿洗一般用鹽酸調節),并反復確認清洗溫度是否合適。

C、低流量輸入清洗液

清洗液以盡可能低的壓力置換元件內的原水,其壓力僅需達到足以補充進水至濃水的壓力損失即可,即壓力須低到不會產生明顯的滲透產水。低壓置換操作能夠大限度減低污垢再次沉淀到膜表面。視情況排放部分剛開始循環回來的清洗液,以防止清洗液的稀釋。

D、循環

當原水被置換完后,讓清洗液循環回清洗水箱并保證清洗液溫度恒定,循環時間一般為60min。對回流清洗液視情況進行處理。如果回流清洗液已明顯變色或變濁則應排放掉,重新配置清洗液若回流清洗液PH變化超過0.5時,調整PH,必要時更換清洗液。

E、浸泡

停止清洗泵的運行,讓膜元件完全浸泡在清洗液中。一般浸泡1 h就足夠了但對于頑固的污染物,需要延長浸泡時間,浸泡10~15 h或浸泡過夜。

F、高流量循環

高流量循環30~60 min。高流量能沖洗掉被清洗液清洗下來的污染物。在高流量條件下,可能會出現過高壓降的問題。單元件允許壓降為0.1 MPa,多元件壓力容器允許壓降為0.35 MPa,以先超出為限。

G、沖洗

用反滲透產品水或合格的預處理出水沖洗系統內的清洗液,沖洗溫度底限20℃,沖洗時間約1 h


反滲透膜元件


2)清洗多段系統

對多段反滲透裝置,原則上應分段進行清洗,清洗水流方向與運行方向相同。一般情況下,清洗液可不排地溝,直接循環當污染比較輕微時,可以多段一起進行清洗當元件污染嚴重時,清洗液在開始幾分鐘可排地溝,然后再循環。清洗每一段循環時間通常為1.5 h,污染嚴重時應加長時間。清洗完畢后,應用反滲透出水沖洗反滲透裝置,時間不少于30 min。當膜污染嚴重時,清洗一段的溶液不要用來清洗二段,應重新配制清洗液。為提高清洗效果,可讓清洗液浸泡膜元件,但時間不應超過24 h

三、清洗要點

1高流速

清洗流速應比正常運行時的流速高,一般為正常運行濃水流速的1.2倍。

2低壓力

清洗壓力應盡可能低,建議控制在0.3 MPa以下。如果在0.3 MPa以下很難達到流量要求時,應盡可能地控制進水壓力,以不出產水為標準。一般進水壓力不能大于0.4 MPa

四、清洗時的注意事項

1謹慎選擇清洗藥劑

應謹慎選擇清洗所用藥劑,而且清洗時應嚴格遵守藥品的使用說明工藝條件,并要仔細觀察清洗時清洗液的溫度和PH變化。在對大型系統清洗之前,建議從待清洗的系統內取出1支膜元件,進行單個膜元件清洗效果試驗,確認清洗效果后再實施整套系統的清洗。

2清洗液的潔凈度

清洗液的潔凈度直接影響清洗效果。清洗液含較多的雜質及顆粒物,會對膜系統造成二次污染,還會對膜表面造成機械性損傷。用于反向清洗的清洗液中小分子雜質應盡可能少。較為理想的清洗溶劑為膜系統的產水,當然也可以使用合格的預處理出水來配制清洗液。

3清洗液流動方向

一般要求清洗液流動方向與系統正常運行時的水流方向相同,以防止元件產生“望遠鏡”現象,因為壓力容器內的止推環僅安裝在壓力容器的濃水端。反向清洗僅針對進料端被嚴重污堵的組件,并且不能在膜的透過液一側反向施壓,以免使膜本身出現機械性損傷。此處反向清洗是指在膜組件的濃排端泵入清洗液,在膜外側進行組件內循環,使清洗液流經膜表面,以適當的流速在膜表面形成沖刷力,將系統內和膜表面的污染物清除排出。膜清洗通常是將一段開頭的膜反向后置于一段的末端(注意濃水密封圈也相應地移至另一端),再按正常清洗程序進行清洗。


反滲透膜元件


4清洗液的溫度

清洗液的溫度對清洗效果的影響大。在合理的溫度范圍中,盡可能地提高清洗液溫度可更有效地恢復膜的原有性能。這是因為較高的清洗溫度可以使清洗液的溶解度和洗滌能力有所提高另外,高于正常工作溫度的清洗液有助于膜微孔的擴張,促進微孔內污物的排出。

5清洗順序

膜分離系統的化學清洗,大多數情況下采用酸法、堿法交替進行的方法,要注意酸法、堿法不能連接進行。合理的清洗順序為:酸洗→水洗至呈中性→堿洗→水洗至呈中性或堿洗→水洗至呈中性→酸洗→水洗至呈中性。

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