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反滲透膜及納濾膜剖檢分析與膜污染診斷研究進(jìn)展(一)

2023-05-19  來(lái)自: 中國(guó)水網(wǎng) 瀏覽次數(shù):433

反滲透RO/納濾(NF膜元件在長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)行過(guò)程中會(huì)不可避免地發(fā)生膜污染。當(dāng)產(chǎn)水水質(zhì)無(wú)法滿足應(yīng)用指標(biāo)時(shí),就需要對(duì)膜元件進(jìn)行更換


反滲透膜


膜剖檢分析研究和確定膜污染直觀有效的方法,通過(guò)膜剖檢分析及膜污染診斷可以為膜元件的日常維護(hù)膜系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行優(yōu)化和膜性能修復(fù)提供有效依據(jù)。目前對(duì)于膜剖檢分析的實(shí)踐及膜污染診斷研究還不系統(tǒng)。

本文針對(duì)RO/NF膜剖檢分析及膜污染診斷相關(guān)研究,介紹了膜元件剖檢分析流程和各類膜污染分析方法,分析了實(shí)際應(yīng)用中存在的問(wèn)題,并根據(jù)膜剖檢分析的意義和價(jià)值,闡述了膜污染成分診斷、膜污染分布情況診斷、不同應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景膜污染情況對(duì)比和不同膜材料的污染情況對(duì)比研究進(jìn)展,以期為膜污染機(jī)制研究、膜污染預(yù)防控制和膜系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行改善提供參考。

反滲透(RO)和納濾(NF)膜技術(shù)作為水處理工藝常用技術(shù),已在苦咸水脫鹽、海水淡化工業(yè)廢水處理、市政廢水處理等領(lǐng)域得到了越來(lái)越廣泛的應(yīng)用。然而膜在長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)行過(guò)程中,表面會(huì)不可避免地被膠體、微生物、雜質(zhì)顆粒及難溶鹽類等物質(zhì)污染。由此產(chǎn)生的廢舊膜數(shù)量逐年增加。由于膜污染是造成膜性能下降的主要影響因素,所以膜污染的預(yù)測(cè)和診斷研究是了解膜污染程度、研究膜污染形成機(jī)理及預(yù)防膜污染發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵。

膜污染預(yù)測(cè)和診斷的常用方法主要包括進(jìn)水污染潛勢(shì)評(píng)價(jià)法、平均停留時(shí)間法、膜剖檢分析法等,盡管通過(guò)進(jìn)水水質(zhì)和污染發(fā)生指標(biāo)的變化可以對(duì)膜污染進(jìn)行預(yù)判,但是膜剖檢分析法還是目前研究和確定膜污染直觀有效的方法。膜元件經(jīng)過(guò)離線檢測(cè)、膜解剖及一系列表征后,由剖檢結(jié)果得到的膜污染診斷結(jié)論可以用來(lái)評(píng)估膜污染狀態(tài)和膜性能損失程度,從而為膜元件日常維護(hù)、膜系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行優(yōu)化和膜性能修復(fù)提供有效依據(jù),但是目前對(duì)膜剖檢分析的實(shí)踐及膜污染診斷研究還不系統(tǒng)。

本文首先對(duì)膜剖檢分析流程進(jìn)行介紹,分析了實(shí)際應(yīng)用中存在的問(wèn)題;

其次,對(duì)常用的膜污染診斷分析方法及其作用進(jìn)行了分類歸納總結(jié)

根據(jù)膜剖檢分析的意義和價(jià)值,按膜污染成分診斷、膜污染分布情況診斷、不同應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景膜污染情況對(duì)比和不同膜材料的污染情況對(duì)比四部分進(jìn)行綜述

一、膜元件剖檢分析流程

膜元件剖檢分析流程主要包括對(duì)膜元件的選擇、檢測(cè)和分析,具體是指剖檢對(duì)象選擇、物理外觀檢測(cè)、剖前測(cè)試、膜解剖及內(nèi)部檢測(cè)、膜污染表征及診斷分析五個(gè)步驟。

1、剖檢對(duì)象選擇

一套膜系統(tǒng)包含的膜元件數(shù)量眾多,且分別處在系統(tǒng)的不同位置,想要清楚地了解系統(tǒng)膜污染的情況,需對(duì)具有代表性的膜元件進(jìn)行選擇和剖檢分析。剖檢對(duì)象通常選擇污染嚴(yán)重位置的膜元件和末端支膜元件,可分別說(shuō)明膜污染情況和膜結(jié)垢情況。但由于不同膜系統(tǒng)存在處理工藝和運(yùn)行狀況的差異性,所以膜污染分析也可根據(jù)需要選擇其他位置的膜元件進(jìn)行剖檢。

2、物理外觀檢測(cè)

膜元件的物理外觀檢測(cè)主要包括目測(cè)外觀檢查和元件質(zhì)量稱重。

目測(cè)外觀檢查是對(duì)膜元件的端蓋、端面、膜卷、外纏繞玻璃鋼、密封圈等部位的污染和磨損情況進(jìn)行觀察并作詳細(xì)記錄,通過(guò)檢查判斷膜元件是否存在望遠(yuǎn)鏡現(xiàn)象、玻璃鋼破損、O形圈泄漏等物理?yè)p傷,為后續(xù)規(guī)范膜元件運(yùn)行操作、分析膜污堵或結(jié)垢情況提供相關(guān)信息。

元件質(zhì)量稱重則是根據(jù)膜元件前后質(zhì)量增加情況判斷其受污染的嚴(yán)重程度。

3、剖前測(cè)試

剖前測(cè)試主要包括標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性能測(cè)試、探針測(cè)試和加壓染料測(cè)試。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性能測(cè)試是測(cè)試膜元件在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)試條件下的產(chǎn)水量和脫鹽率,并與出廠性能作比較,評(píng)估膜元件的性能變化情況;

探針測(cè)試是對(duì)元件進(jìn)行分段產(chǎn)水電導(dǎo)率測(cè)試,用以檢測(cè)鹽滲漏位置;

加壓染料測(cè)試是對(duì)膜元件進(jìn)行含有紅色染料原水的加壓測(cè)試,若產(chǎn)水顯紅色說(shuō)明膜元件存在壞點(diǎn),并可通過(guò)后續(xù)膜解剖查看膜面損壞位置。

4、膜解剖及內(nèi)部檢測(cè)

膜解剖是對(duì)膜元件進(jìn)行破壞性拆解后,對(duì)膜元件進(jìn)行相關(guān)內(nèi)部檢測(cè)。內(nèi)部檢測(cè)主要包括膜袋、膜卷原水進(jìn)口端、濃水出口端、濃淡水隔網(wǎng)、膜片表面污染物的檢查。

一方面可通過(guò)膜袋外側(cè)膜片的折痕判斷產(chǎn)水背壓現(xiàn)象,另一方面通過(guò)詳細(xì)記錄的污染物顏色、性狀和氣味對(duì)膜污染情況進(jìn)行初判,并對(duì)膜樣品和污染物分別進(jìn)行裁剪和收集,以作后續(xù)分析。

5、膜污染表征及診斷分析

對(duì)之前收集到的污染物和污染膜分別進(jìn)行不同的分析表征測(cè)試,根據(jù)不同污染物對(duì)應(yīng)不同分析方法的相應(yīng)特征,診斷分析后確定膜污染組成,分析過(guò)程中一般還可以結(jié)合水樣分析結(jié)果作進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)。納濾膜元件和反滲透膜元件類似,因此這兩種膜元件的剖檢分析及膜污染診斷方法相同而碟管式納濾和碟管式反滲透由于具有不同的膜組件結(jié)構(gòu),其廢水處理后的膜材料易于獲取,所以可直接對(duì)這兩種膜進(jìn)行膜污染診斷分析。

并且,由上述膜元件剖檢分析流程可看出,完整的膜剖檢步驟較多,部分測(cè)試項(xiàng)目操作較復(fù)雜。在實(shí)際運(yùn)行中存在一些膜元件由于進(jìn)水水質(zhì)的預(yù)處理較好,其進(jìn)水的端蓋處可供收集分析的污染物很少,對(duì)于這種膜元件就只能對(duì)解剖后的污染膜進(jìn)行表征分析或?qū)⒛け砻嫔系奈廴疚锶芙夂笤俜治觥?/span>

因此,在膜剖檢分析的實(shí)踐應(yīng)用中,研究人員大多會(huì)省去較復(fù)雜和不易操作的步驟,對(duì)特定的膜元件進(jìn)行離線性能測(cè)試、膜解剖和污染膜的表征分析,但這也導(dǎo)致了目前實(shí)際應(yīng)用的膜剖檢分析研究還不系統(tǒng),有待進(jìn)一步完善,使膜剖檢分析的意義和價(jià)值得以充分利用。

反滲透膜

二、膜污染診斷分析方法

為判斷膜元件污染類型,通常需結(jié)合進(jìn)水水質(zhì)檢測(cè)結(jié)果,并對(duì)剖檢后收集到的污染膜和污染物進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試及結(jié)構(gòu)表征分析。根據(jù)不同膜污染診斷分析方法的特點(diǎn),表1按實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試類、結(jié)構(gòu)表征類和水樣分析類對(duì)不同方法及其作用進(jìn)行了分類總結(jié)。灼燒分析實(shí)驗(yàn)(LOI)、掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)、能量色散X射線光譜(EDS)、傅里葉變換衰減全反射紅外光譜(ATR-FTIR)、電感耦合等離子發(fā)射光譜/質(zhì)譜(ICP-MS/OES)、離子色譜(IC)等是常見(jiàn)的膜污染診斷分析方法,根據(jù)不同實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象和表征結(jié)果可以確定相應(yīng)的膜污染類型;

原子力顯微鏡(AFM)、X射線光電子能譜(XPS)、核磁共振(NMR)、接觸角、zeta電位等則作為輔助分析方法,可以進(jìn)一步了解污染物及污染膜表面結(jié)構(gòu)及特性

盧瑟福背散射分析(RBS)、激光掃描共聚焦顯微鏡(CLSM)、三維熒光光譜(3DEEM)、液相色譜-有機(jī)碳聯(lián)用檢測(cè)儀(LC-OCD)則是近年來(lái)用于膜污染診斷的分析方法,通過(guò)其測(cè)試結(jié)果可以更準(zhǔn)確地判斷膜污染類型。

上述大部分儀器在國(guó)內(nèi)高校或科研院的分析測(cè)試平臺(tái)屬于常用儀器,但部分儀器如RBSLC-OCD在國(guó)內(nèi)僅少數(shù)科研院校擁有,因此,國(guó)內(nèi)少有該種儀器用于膜污染診斷的研究。

關(guān)鍵詞: 反滲透膜 膜污染 衡美 水處理

衡水市衡美水處理設(shè)備有限公司,專營(yíng) 淺層砂過(guò)濾器 過(guò)濾器 全自動(dòng)加藥裝置 原水處理設(shè)備 等業(yè)務(wù),有意向的客戶請(qǐng)咨詢我們,聯(lián)系電話:0318-2987119

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