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給排水***知識100問(四)

2020-05-24  來自: 衡美水處理公眾平臺 瀏覽次數:1124

如何進行水處理

衡美水處理為您介紹一項水處理***知識——給排水***知識100問。

給排水

76、除鐵、除錳濾池的濾料宜采用什么材料?濾料參數值為多少?

答:除鐵、除錳濾池的濾料宜采用錳砂或石英砂等。除鐵、除錳濾池濾料的粒徑:

石英砂宜為dmin=0.5mmdmax=1.2mm

錳砂宜為dmin=0.6mmdmax=1.22.0mm

厚度宜為8001200mm;濾速宜為57m/h

77、飲用水除氟常采用哪些方法

答:飲用水除氟可采用混凝沉淀法、活性氧化鋁吸附法、電滲析法、反滲透法等。

78簡述水的軟化處理方法主要有哪幾種?

答:基于溶度積原理:加入某些藥劑,把鈣、鎂離子轉變成難溶化合物使之沉淀析出,又稱水的藥劑軟化法或沉淀軟化法。

基于離子交換原理:利用某些離子交換劑具有的陽離子與水中鈣、鎂離子進行交換,達到軟化的目的,又稱離子交換法。

基于電滲析原理:利用離子交換膜的選擇透過性,在外加直流電場的作用下,通過離子的遷移,在進行水的局部除鹽的同時,達到軟化目的。

79、簡述水廠廠址確定中應注意的事項?

答:給水系統布局合理;

不受洪水威脅;

有較好的廢水排除條件;

有良好的工程地質條件;

有便于遠期發展控制用地的條件;

有良好的衛生環境,并便于設立防護地帶;

少拆遷,不占或少占農田;

施工、運行和維護方便。

80、水廠生產構筑物的布置有哪些要求?

答:高程布置應充分利用原有地形條件,力求流程通暢、能耗降低、土方平衡。

在滿足各構筑物和管線施工要求的前提下,水廠各構筑物應緊湊布置。寒冷地區生產構筑物應盡量集中布置。

生產構筑物間連接管道的布置,宜水流順直、避免迂回。

81、簡述水廠內通向各構筑物和附屬建筑物的道路設計應滿足哪些要求?

答:水廠宜設置環行道路;

大型水廠可設雙車道,中、小型水廠可設單車道;

主要車行道的寬度:單車道為3.5m,雙車道為6m,支道和車間引道不小于3m

車行道盡頭處和材料裝卸處應根據需要設置回車道;

車行道轉彎半徑610m

人行道路的寬度為1.52.0m

86、排水池調節容積應如何確定?

答:當排水池只調節濾池反沖洗廢水時,調節容積宜按大于濾池大一次反沖洗水量確定;

當排水池處調節濾池反沖洗廢水外,還接納和調節濃縮池上清液時,其容積還應包括接納上清夜所需調節容積。

87、當調節池廢水用水泵排出時,排水泵的設置應符合那些相關要求?

答:排水泵的容量應根據反沖洗廢水和濃縮池上清液等的排放情況,按不利工況確定;

當排水泵出水回流至水廠時,其流量應盡量可能連續、均勻;

排水泵臺數不宜少于2臺,并設置備用泵。

88、工業循環冷卻水系統的類型應如何選擇?

答:工業循環冷卻水系統的類型選擇,應根據生產工藝循環水的水量、水溫、水質和供水系統的運行方式等要求選擇,并結合以下因素,通過技術經濟比較確定:

當地的水文、氣象、地形和地質等自然情況;

材料、設備、電能和補給水的供應情況;

場地布置和施工條件;

工業循環水冷卻設施與周圍環境的相互影響。

89、冷卻塔在廠區平面布置中的位置應符合哪些規定?

答:在寒冷地區冷卻塔應布置在廠區主要建筑物記錄天配電裝置冬季主導風向的下風側;

冷卻塔應布置在儲煤場等粉塵污染源的全年主導風向的上風側;

冷卻塔應遠離廠區內露天熱源;

冷卻塔之間或冷卻塔與其他建筑物之間的距離除應滿足冷卻塔的通風要求外,還應滿足管、溝、道路、建筑物的防火和防爆要求。以及冷卻塔和其他建筑物的施工和檢修場地要求;

冷卻塔的位置不應妨礙工業企業的擴建。

90、簡述減低冷卻塔噪音的措施有哪些?

答:機械通風冷卻塔應選用降低噪音型的風機設備;

應改善配水和集水系統,降低淋水噪音;

冷卻塔周圍宜設置消音措施;

冷卻塔的位置應遠離對噪音敏感的區域。

91、簡述淋水填料的型式和材料選擇時應考慮哪些問題?

答:塔型;循環水的水溫和水質;

填料的熱力特性和阻力性能;

填料的物理力學性能、化學性能和穩定性;

填料的價格和供應情況;

施工和檢修方便;

填料的支撐方式和結構

92、冷卻塔的配水系統設計應滿足哪些條件?

答:冷卻塔的配水系統設計應滿足在同一設計淋水密度區域內配水均勻、通風阻力小、能量消耗低和便于維修等要求,并應根據塔型、循環水質等條件按下列規定選擇:

逆流式冷卻塔宜采用管式或槽式結合的型式;

當循環水含懸浮物和泥沙較多時宜采用槽式;

橫流式冷卻塔宜采用池式或管式;

小型機械通風逆流式冷卻塔宜采用管式或螺旋布水器。

93、管式配水系統設計應滿足哪些要求?

答:配水干管起始斷面設計流速宜為1. 0-1.5m/s,大型冷卻塔此流速可適當提高;

利用支管使配水干管通成環網;

配水干管或壓力配水槽的末端必要時應設通氣孔及排污設施。

94、槽式配水系統設計應滿足哪些要求?

答:主水槽的起始斷面設計流速采用0.8-1.2m/s

配水槽的起始斷面設計流速采0.5-0.8m/s

配水槽夏季的正常設計水深應大于濺水噴嘴內徑的6倍,且不應小于0.15m;

配水槽的超高不應小于0.1m

在可能出現的超過設計水量工況下,配水槽不溢流;

配水槽斷面凈寬不應小于0.12m

95、主、配水槽均宜水平設置,水槽連接處應圓滑,水流轉彎角不大于90°配水池設計應符合哪些要求?

答:池內水流平穩,夏季正常設計水深應大于濺水噴嘴內徑或配水底孔直徑的6倍;

池壁超高不宜小于0.1m;在可能出現大的超過設計水量工況下不應溢流;

池底宜水平設置;池頂宜設蓋板或采取防止關照下滋生菌藻的措施。

96、冷卻塔的集水池應符合哪些相關要求?

答:集水池的深度一般不大于2.0m

集水池應有溢流,排空及排泥措施;

池壁的超高不小于0.3m;小型機械性通風冷卻塔不得小于0.15m

出水口應有攔污設施。

集水池周圍應設回水臺,其寬度為1.0-3.0m,坡度為3%-5%

敷設在集水池內的進水管,應有防止當管道放空時浮管的措施。

97、冷卻塔應包括哪些附屬設施?

答:通向塔內的人孔;

從地面通向塔內和塔頂的扶梯或爬梯;

配水系統頂部的人行道和欄桿;

塔頂的避雷保護裝置和指示燈;

運行監控的儀表。

98、簡述循環冷卻水處理設計方案的選擇考慮哪些因素?

答:循環冷卻水處理設計方案的選擇,應根據換熱設備設計對污垢熱阻值和腐蝕率的要求,結合下列因素通過技術經濟比較確定:

循環冷卻水的水質標準;

水源可供的水量及其水質;

設計的濃縮倍數(對敞開式系統);

循環冷卻水處理方法所要求的控制條件;

旁流水和補充水的處理方式

藥劑對環境的影響。

99、簡述敞開式系統中熱設備的循環冷卻水側流速和熱流密度應符合那些規定?

答:管程循環冷卻流速不應小于0.9m/s

殼程循環冷卻水流速不應小于0.3m/s

熱流密度不宜大于58.2kW/㎡。

100、簡述冷卻水腐蝕控制中常用的緩蝕劑有哪些?

答:主要有如下幾類緩蝕劑:

氧化膜型緩釋劑:這類緩蝕劑直接或間接產生金屬的氧化物或氫氧化物,在金屬表面形成保護膜,從而阻止腐蝕和結垢;

水中離子沉淀膜型緩蝕劑:這種緩蝕劑與溶解于水中的離子生成難溶鹽或絡合物,在金屬表面上析出沉淀,形成防蝕膜。

金屬離子沉淀膜型緩蝕劑:這種緩蝕劑是使金屬活化溶解,并在金屬離子濃度高的部位與緩蝕劑形成沉淀,產生致密的薄膜,緩蝕效果良好;

吸附膜型緩蝕劑:這種有機緩蝕劑的分子具有親水基和憎水基,親水基即極性能有效地吸附在潔凈的金屬表面上,而將疏水基團朝向水側,阻礙水和溶解氧向金屬擴散,以抑制腐蝕。

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