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給排水***知識100問(三)

2020-05-23  來自: 衡美水處理公眾平臺 瀏覽次數:1101

如何進行水處理

衡美水處理為您介紹一項水處理***知識——給排水***知識100問。

給排水

51、柵條(網格)絮凝池設計應符合哪些要求?

答:絮凝池宜設計成多格豎流式。

絮凝時間宜為1220min,用于處理低溫或低濁水時,絮凝時間可適當延長。

絮凝池豎井流速、過柵(過網)和過孔流速應逐段遞減,分段數宜分三段,流速分別為:

1)豎井平均流速:前段和中段0.140.12m/s,末段0.140.10m/s

2)過柵(過網)流速:前段0.300.25m/s,中段0.250.22m/s,末段不安放柵條(網格);

3)豎井之間孔洞流速:前段0.300.20m/s,中段0.200.15m/s,末段0.140.10m/s

絮凝池宜布置成2組或多組并聯形式。

52、平流沉淀池設計參數如何確定?

答:平流沉淀池的沉淀時間,宜為1.53.0h

平流沉淀池的水平流速可采用1025mm/s,水流應避免過多轉折。

平流沉淀池的有效水深,可采用3.03.5m。沉淀池的每格寬度(或導流墻間距),宜為38m,大不超過15m,長度與寬度之比不得小于4;長度與深度之比不得小于10

平流沉淀池宜采用穿孔墻配水和溢流堰集水,溢流率不宜超過300m3/(㎡·h)。

53、上向流斜管沉淀池設計參數如何確定?

答:斜管沉淀區液面負荷應按相似條件下的運行經驗確定,可采用5.09.0m3/(㎡·h)。

斜管設計可采用下列數據:斜管管徑為3040mm;斜長為1.0m;傾角為60°。

斜管沉淀池的清水區保護高度不宜小于1.0m;底部配水區高度不宜小于1.5m

54、側向流斜管沉淀池設計參數如何確定?

答:斜板沉淀池的設計顆粒沉降速度、液面負荷宜通過試驗或參照相似條件下的水廠運行經驗確定,設計顆粒沉降速度可采用0.160.3mm/s,液面負荷可采用6.012m3/(㎡·h),低溫低濁度水宜采用下限值;斜板板距宜采用80100mm;斜板傾斜角度宜采用60°;單層斜板板長不宜大于1.0m

55、水力循環澄清池清設計參數如何確定?

答:水力循環澄清池清水區的液面負荷,應按相似條件下的運行經驗確定,可采用2.53.2m3/(㎡·h)。

水力循環澄清池導流筒(第二絮凝室)的有效高度,可采用34m

水力循環澄清池的回流水量,可為進水流量的24倍。

水力循環澄清池池底斜壁與水平面的夾角不宜小于45°。

56、脈沖澄清池清設計參數如何確定?

答:脈沖澄清池清水區的液面負荷,應按相似條件下的運行經驗確定,可采用2.53.2m3/(㎡·h)。

脈沖周期可采用3040s,充放時間比為3:14:1

脈沖澄清池的懸浮層高度和清水區高度,可分別采用1.52.0m

脈沖澄清池應采用穿孔管配水,上設人字形穩流板。

虹吸式脈沖澄清池的配水總管,應設排氣裝置

57、氣浮池設計參數如何確定?

答:氣浮池宜用于渾濁度小于100NTU及含有藻類等密度小的懸浮物質的原水。

接觸室的上升流速,可采用1020mm/s,分離室的向下流速,可采用1.52.0mm/s,即分離室液面負荷為5.47.2m3/(㎡·h)。

氣浮池的單格寬度不宜超過10m;池長不宜超過15m;有效水深可采用2.03.0m

溶氣罐的壓力及回流比,應根據原水氣浮試驗情況或參照相似條件下的運行經驗確定,溶氣壓力可采用0.20.4MPa;回流比可采用5%10%

氣浮池宜采用刮渣機排渣。刮渣機的行車速度不宜大于5m/min

58、哪些材料可用作濾料?

答:濾料應具有足夠的機械強度和抗蝕性能。可采用石英砂、無煙煤和重質礦石等。

59、濾料層厚度(L)與有效粒徑(d10)之比(L/d10值)范圍如何確定?

答:濾料層厚度(L)與有效粒徑(d10)之比(L/d10值):細砂及雙層濾料過濾應大于1000;粗砂及三層濾料過濾應大于1250

60簡述雙層濾料、三層濾料及均質濾料如何組成?

答:雙層濾料組成:上層采用密度較小、粒徑較大的輕質濾料,下層采用密度較大,粒徑較小的重質濾料。

三層濾料組成:上層采用密度較小、粒徑較大的輕質濾料,中層采用中等密度,中等粒徑的濾料,下層采用密度較大,粒徑較小的重質濾料。

均質濾料的組成:沿整個濾層深度方向的任一橫斷面上,濾料組成和平均粒徑均勻一致。

61、大阻力配水系統管道直徑如何計算?

答:大阻力配水系統管道直徑應按沖洗流量,并根據下列數據通過計算確定:

配水干管(渠)進口處的流速為1.01.5m/s

配水支管進口處的流速為1.52.0m/s

配水支管孔眼出口流速為56m/s

62、長柄濾頭配氣配水系統應按沖洗氣量、水量如何計算?

答:長柄濾頭配氣配水系統應按沖洗氣量、水量,并根據下列數據通過計算確定:

配氣干管進口端流速為1015m/s;配水(氣)渠配氣孔出口流速為10m/s左右;配水干管進口端流速為1.5m/s左右;配水(氣)渠配水孔出口流速為11.5m/s

63、單層、雙層濾料及三層濾料濾池沖洗前水頭損失范圍是多少?

答:單層、雙層濾料濾池沖洗前水頭損失宜采用2.02.5m;三層濾料濾池沖洗前水頭損失宜采用2.03.0m

64V形濾池設計應滿足哪些要求?

答:V形濾池沖洗前水頭損失可采用2.0m

濾層表面以上水深不應小于1.2m

V形濾池宜采用長柄濾頭配氣、配水系統。

V形濾池沖洗水的供應,宜用水泵。水泵的能力應按單格濾池沖洗水量設計,并設置備用機組

V形濾池沖洗氣源的供應,宜用鼓風機,并設置備用機組。

V形濾池兩側進水槽的槽底配水孔口至***排水槽邊緣的水平距離宜在3.5m以內,大不得超過5m。表面掃洗配水孔的預埋管縱向軸線應保持水平。

V形進水槽斷面應按非均勻流滿足配水均勻性要求計算確定,其斜面與池壁的傾斜度宜采用45°~50°。

V形濾池的進水系統應設置進水總渠,每格濾池進水應設可調整高度的堰板。

反沖洗空氣總管的管底應高于濾池的高水位。

V形濾池長柄濾頭配氣配水系統的設計,應采取有效措施,控制同格濾池所有濾頭濾帽或濾柄頂表面在同一水平高程,其誤差不得大于±5mm

V形濾池的沖洗排水槽頂面宜高出濾料層表面500mm

65、虹吸濾池設計應滿足哪些要求?

答:虹吸濾池的少分格數,應按濾池在低負荷運行時,仍能滿足一格濾池沖洗水量的要求確定。

虹吸濾池沖洗前的水頭損失,可采用1.5m

虹吸濾池沖洗水頭應通過計算確定,宜采用1.01.2m,并應有調整沖洗水頭的措施。

虹吸進水管和虹吸排水管的斷面積宜根據下列流速通過計算確定:

1)進水管0.61.0m/s

2)排水管1.41.6m/s

66、重力式無閥濾池設計應滿足哪些要求?

答:無閥濾池的分格數,宜采用23格。

每格無閥濾池應設單獨的進水系統,進水系統應有防止空氣進入濾池的措施。

無閥濾池沖洗前的水頭損失,可采用1.5m

過濾室內濾料表面以上的直壁高度,應等于沖洗時濾料的大膨脹高度再加保護高度。

無閥濾池的反沖洗應設有輔助虹吸設施,并設調節沖洗強度和強制沖洗的裝置。

67、常用的水消毒方法有哪幾種?

答:氯及氯化物消毒,臭氧消毒,紫外線消毒及某些重金屬離子消毒等。

68、簡述氯消毒的機理?

答:在不含氨氮成分的水中,由于細菌帶負電,次氯酸根離子難以靠近,而次氯酸為中性體,可擴散到細菌表面,并滲入細菌體內,依靠氯分子的氧化作用,破壞細菌體內酶,從而是細菌死亡。

69、請簡述我國飲用水標準規范規定的加氯量值?

答:我國飲用水標準規范規定出廠水游離性余氯在接觸30min后不應低于0.3mg/L,在管網末梢不應低于0.05mg/L

70、地下水同時含鐵、錳時,其處理工藝流程應根據什么條件確定?

答:地下水同時含鐵、錳時,其處理工藝流程應根據下列條件確定:

當原水含鐵量低于6.0mg/L、含錳量低于1.5mg/L時,可采用:

原水曝氣——單級過濾。

當原水含鐵量或含錳量超過上述數值時,應通過試驗確定,必要時可采用:原水曝氣—— 一級過濾—— 二級過濾。

當除鐵受硅酸鹽影響時,應通過試驗確定,必要時可采用:

原水曝氣—— 一級過濾—— 曝氣—— 二級過濾。

71、曝氣裝置選擇的依據是什么?常用的曝氣方法有哪些?

答:曝氣裝置應根據原水水質、是否需去除二氧化碳以及充氧程度的要求選定。可采用跌水、淋水、噴水、射流曝氣、壓縮空氣、板條式曝氣塔、接觸式曝氣塔或葉輪式表面曝氣裝置曝氣。

72、當采用跌水裝置時,其主要參數值如何確定?

答:采用跌水裝置時,跌水級數可采用13級,每級跌水高度為0.51.0m,單寬流量為2050m3/(㎡h)。

73、當采用淋水裝置( 穿孔管或蓮蓬頭 )時,其主要參數值如何確定?

答:采用淋水裝置 穿孔管或蓮蓬頭 時,孔眼直徑可采用48mm,孔眼流速為1.52.5m/s安裝高度為1.52.5m。當采用蓮蓬頭時,每個蓮蓬頭的服務面積為1.01.5㎡。

74、當采用接觸式曝氣裝置時,其填料層參數值如何確定?

答:采用接觸式曝氣塔時,填料層層數可為13層,填料采用3050mm粒徑的焦炭塊或礦渣,每層填料厚度為300400mm,層間凈距不宜小于 600mm

75、當采用葉輪表面曝氣裝置時,其主要參數值是多少?

答:采用葉輪表面曝氣裝置時,曝氣池容積可按2040min處理水量計算,葉輪直徑與池長邊或直徑之比可為1:61:8,葉輪外緣線速度可為46m/s

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