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國內6大主流污水處理工藝

2019-12-18  來自: 衡美水處理公眾平臺 瀏覽次數:1399

如何進行水處理

衡美水處理為您介紹一項污水處理的***知識——國內6主流污水處理工藝

據不完全統計,全國范圍內已建成運營的污水處理廠數量約4000座,其中有統計數據的污水處理工藝大約30種左右,本文衡美水處理為您介紹國內6大主流的污水處理工藝

一、氧化溝工藝——覆蓋全國

污水處理

1簡介

氧化溝工藝作為一種成熟的活性污泥污水處理工藝已在全國范圍內得到廣泛應用,它是活性污泥法的一種變型,其曝氣池呈封閉的溝渠型,所以它在水力流態上不同于傳統的活性污泥法,而是一種首尾相連的循環流曝氣溝渠,污水滲入其中得到凈化。

2工藝特點

1)簡化了預處理

氧化溝水力停留時間和污泥齡比一般生物處理法廠,懸浮有機物可與溶解性有機物同時得到較***的去除,排出的剩余污泥已得到高度穩定,因此氧化溝可不設初沉池,污泥不需要進行厭氧消化。

2)占地面積少

因為在流程中省略了初沉池、污泥消化池,有時還省略了二沉池和污泥回流裝置,使污水廠總占地面積不僅沒有增大,相反還可縮小。

3)具有推流式流態的特征

氧化溝具有推流特性,使得溶解氧濃度在沿池長方向形成濃度梯度,形成好氧、缺氧和厭氧條件。通過對系統合理的設計控制,可以取得較好的脫氮除磷效果。

4)簡化工藝

將氧化溝和二沉池合建為一體式氧化溝,以及近年來發展的交替工作的氧化溝,可不用二沉池,從而使處理流程更為簡化。

二、A2/O工藝——重在脫磷除氮

污水處理

1簡介

A2/O工藝是Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic的英文縮寫,是厭氧-缺氧-好氧生物脫氮除磷工藝的簡稱。這種工藝處理效率一般能達到:BOD5SS90%95%,總氮為70%以上,磷為90%左右,一般適用于要求脫氮除磷的大中型城市污水廠。

A2/O工藝的基建費和運行費均高于普通活性污泥法,運行管理要求高,所以對目前我國國情來說,當處理后的污水排入封閉性水體或緩流水體引起富營養化,從而影響給水水源時,才采用該工藝。

2工藝特點

1優點

污染物去除效率高,運行穩定,有較好的耐沖擊負荷;

污泥沉降性能好;

厭氧、缺氧、好氧三種不同的環境條件和不同種類微生物菌群的

有機配合,能同時具有去除有機物、脫氮除磷的功能。脫氮效果受混合液回流比大小的影響,除磷效果則受回流污泥中夾帶DO和硝酸態氧的影響,因而脫氮除磷效率不可能很高。

在同時脫氧除磷去除有機物的工藝中,該工藝流程簡單,總的水力停留時間也少于同類其他工藝。

在厭氧-缺氧-好氧交替運行下,絲狀菌不會大量繁殖,SVI一般小于100,不會發生污泥膨脹。

污泥中磷含量高,一般為2.5%以上。

2)缺點:

反應池容積比A/O脫氮工藝還要大;

污泥內回流量大,能耗較高;

用于中小型污水廠費用偏高;

沼氣回收利用經濟效益差;

污泥滲出液需化學除磷;

三、傳統活性污泥法——用在大型污水處理廠

1簡介

活性污泥法工藝是一種應用廣泛的廢水好氧生化處理技術,其主要由曝氣池、二次沉淀池、曝氣系統以及污泥回流系統等組成。

污水處理

2工藝特點

1)優點:

工藝相對成熟、積累運行經驗多、運行穩定;有機物去除效率高,BOD5的去除率通常為90%95%;曝氣池耐沖擊負荷能力較低;

適用于處理進水水質比較穩定而處理程度要求高的大型城市污水處理廠

2)缺點:

需氧與供氧矛大,池首端供氧不足,池末端供氧大于需氧,造成浪費;

傳統活性污泥法曝氣池停留時間較長,曝氣池容積大、占地面積大、基建費用高,電耗大;

脫氧除磷效率低,通常只有10%30%

三、SBR工藝——適用于間歇排放

污水處理

1簡介

處理過程主要由初期的去除與吸附作用、微生物的代謝作用、絮凝體的形成與絮凝沉淀性能幾個凈化過程完成。

SBR技術的核心是SBR反應池,該池集均化、初沉、生物降解、二沉等功能于一池,無污泥回流系統。尤其適用于間歇排放和流量變化較大的場合。

2工藝特點

1)優點:

理想的推流過程使生化反應推動力增大,效率提高,池內厭氧、好氧處于交替狀態,凈化效果好;

運行效果穩定,污水在理想的靜止狀態下沉淀,需要時間短、效率高,出水水質好;

耐沖擊負荷,池內有滯留的處理水,對污水有稀釋、緩沖作用,有效抵抗水量和有機污物的沖擊;

工藝過程中的各工序可根據水質、水量進行調整,運行靈活;

處理設備少,構造簡單,便于操作維護管理;

反應池內存在DOBOD5濃度梯度,有效控制活性污泥膨脹;

工藝流程簡單、造價低。主體設備只有一個序批式間歇反應器,無二沉池、污泥回流系統,調節池、初沉池也可省略,布置緊湊、占地面積省。

2)缺點:

間歇周期運行,對自控要求高;

變水位運行,電耗增大;

脫氮除磷效率不太高;

污泥穩定性不如厭氧硝化好。

五、A/O工藝——廣泛應用中小型城市

1簡介

A/O工藝產生于20世紀70年代,由于其同時具有降解有機物及脫氮作用,且運行管理方便,得到了廣泛的應用。由于污水處理工藝是根據污水的水量、水質、出水要求和當地的實際情況等多方面的因素確定的,所以中小型的城市生活污水處理站一般選用A/O等工藝。

污水處理

2工藝特點

1)優點:

效率高。該工藝對廢水中的有機物,氨氮等均有較高的去除效果。當總停留時間大于54h,經生物脫氮后的出水再經過混凝沉淀,可將COD值降至100mg/L以下,其他指標也達到排放標準,總氮去除率在70%以上;

流程簡單,投資省,操作費用低;

該工藝是以廢水中的有機物作為反硝化的碳源,故不需要再另加甲醇等昂貴的碳源。

2)缺點:

由于沒有獨立的污泥回流系統,從而不能培養出具有***功能的污泥,難降解物質的降解率較低;

若要提高脫氮效率,***加大內循環比,因而加大了運行費用。另外,內循環液來自曝氣池,含有DO,使A段難以保持理想的缺氧狀態,影響反硝化效果,脫氮率很難達到90%

六、生物膜法工藝——用在工業廢水領域

污水處理

1簡介

生物膜法是土壤自凈過程的人工強化,主要去除廢水中溶解性的和膠體狀的有機污染物,同時對廢水中的氨氮還具有硝化能力。生物膜法在處理工業廢水中有著廣泛應用。

2工藝特點

1)優點:

微生物多樣化,生物的食物鏈長,有利于提高污水處理效果和單位面積的處理負荷;

優勢菌群分段運行,有利于提高微生物對有機污染物的降解效率和增加難降解污染物的去除率,提高脫氮除磷效果;

對水質、水量變動有較強的適應性,耐沖擊負荷力增強;

污泥沉降性能好,易于固液分離,剩余污泥產量少,降低了污泥處理費用,進而降低投資費用;

適合低濃度污水的處理;

易于維護,運行管理方便,耗能低。

2)缺點:

與活性污泥法相比,生物膜法對環境溫度的要求較高,氣溫過高或過低都會影響生物膜的活性,引起生物膜的壞死和脫落。

七、污水處理工藝選擇,一般需考慮以下因素:

1廢水水質

生活污水水質通常比較穩定,一般的處理方法包括酸化、好氧生物處理、消毒等。而工業廢水應根據具體的水質情況進行工藝流程的合理選擇。特別需要指出的是,對于采用好氧生物處理工藝處理廢水來說,要注意廢水的可生化性,通常要求COD/BOD50.3,如不能滿足要求,可考慮進行厭氧生物水解酸化,以提高廢水的可生化性,或是考慮采用非生物處理的物理或化學方法等。

2污水處理程度

這是污水處理工藝流程選擇的主要依據。污水處理程度原則上取決于污水的水質特征、處理后水的去向和污水所流入水體的自凈能力。但是目前,污水處理程度的確定主要依從***有關法律制度及技術政策的要求。通常環境管理部門是根據《污水綜合排放標準》及相關的行業排放標準來控制污水的排放濃度,一些經濟發展水平較高的地區還規定了更為嚴格的地方排放標準。因此,無論是何種需要處理的污水,也無論是采取何種處理工藝及處理程度,都應以處理系統的出水能夠達標為依據和前提。按照法律、法規、政策的要求預防和治理水體環境污染。

3建設及運行費用

考慮建設與運行費用時,應以處理水達到水質標準為前提條件。在此前提下,工程建設及運行費用低的工藝流程應得到重視。此外,減少占地面積也是降低建設費用的重要措施。

4、工程施工難易程度

工程施工的難易程度也是選擇工藝流程的影響因素之一。如地下水位高,地質條件差的地方,就不適宜選用深度大、施工難度高的處理構筑物。

5、當地的自然和社會條件

當地的地形、氣候等自然條件也對廢水處理流程的選擇都會有影響。如當地氣候寒冷,則應采用在采取適當的技術措施后,在低溫季節也能夠正常運行,并保證取得達標水質的工藝。

當地的社會條件如原材料、水資源與電力供應等也是流程選擇應當考慮的因素之一。

6、污水的水量

除水質外,污水的水量也是影響因素之一。對于水量、水質變化大的污水,應首先考慮采用抗沖擊負荷能力強的工藝,或考慮設立調節池等緩沖設備以盡量減少不利影響。

7、處理過程是否產生新的矛盾

污水處理過程中應注意是否會造成二次污染問題。例如制藥廠廢水中含有大量有機物質(如苯、***等),在曝氣過程中會有有機廢氣排放,對周圍大氣環境造成影響;化肥廠造氣廢水在采用沉淀、冷卻處理后循環利用,在冷卻塔尾氣對大氣造成污染;農藥廠樂果廢水處理中,以堿化法降解樂果,如采用石灰做堿化劑,產生的污泥會造成二次污染;印染或染料廠廢水處理時,污泥的處置為主要考慮的問題。

總之,污水處理流程的選擇應綜合考慮各項因素,進行多種方案的技術經濟比較才能得出結論。

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