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污水處理工藝及優缺點大總結(二)

2022-12-04  來自: 中國水網 瀏覽次數:440

2、廢水物理化學處理法

廢水物理化學處理法是廢水處理方法之一。系運用物理和化學的綜合作用使廢水得到凈化的方法。

處理工藝


它是由物理方法和化學方法組成的廢水處理系統,或是包括物理過程和化學過程的單項處理方法,如浮選、吹脫、結晶、吸附、萃取、電解、電滲析、離子交換、反滲透等。濃縮的殘渣要經過后處理以避免二次污染。常用的方法有萃取法、吸附法、離子交換法、膜析法包括滲析法、電滲析法、反滲透法、超濾法等)。

1簡介

廢水物理化學處理法是指運用物理和化學的綜合作用使廢水得到凈化的方法。水或廢(污)水中的污染物在處理過程或自然界的變化過程中,通過相轉移作用而達到去除的目的,這種處理或變化工程稱為物理化學過程。污染物在物理化學過程中可以不參與化學變化或化學反應,直接從一相轉移到另一相,也可以經過化學反應后再轉移,因此在物理化學處理過程中可能伴隨著化學反應,但不能總伴隨化學應。常見的物理化學處理過程,有吸附、離子交換、萃取、吹脫和汽提、膜分離過程等。

2)廢水萃取處理法

廢水萃取處理法是利用萃取劑,通過萃取作用使廢水凈化的方法。根據一種溶劑對不同物質具有不同溶解度這一性質,可將溶于廢水中的某些污染物完全或部分分離出來。向廢水中投加不溶于水或難溶于水的溶劑(萃取劑),使溶解于廢水中的某些污染物(被萃取物)經萃取劑和廢水兩液相間界面轉入萃取劑中。

萃取操作按處理物的物態可分固——液萃取、液——液萃取兩類。工業廢水的萃取處理屬于后者,其操作流程

A、混合,即使廢水和萃取劑有效接觸;

B分離,即使輕、重液層完全分離;

C、萃取劑再生,即萃取后,分離出被萃取物,回收萃取劑,重復使用。

萃取劑的選擇應滿足:

A、對被萃取物的溶解度大,而對水的溶解度小;

B與被萃取物的比重、沸點有足夠差別;

C、具有化學穩定性,不與被萃取物起化學反應;

D易于回收和再生;

E、價格低廉,來源充足。此法常用于較高濃度的含酚或含苯胺、苯、醋酸等工業廢水的處理。

3)廢水光氧化處理法

廢水光氧化處理法是利用紫外光線和氧化劑的協同氧化作用分解廢水中有機物,使廢水凈化的方法。廢水氧化處理使用的氧化劑(氯、次氯酸鹽、過氧化氫、臭氧等),因受溫度影響,往往不能充分發揮其氧化能力;采用人工紫外光源照射廢水,使廢水中的氧化劑分子吸收光能而被激發,形成具有更強氧化性能的自由基,增強氧化劑的氧化能力,從而能迅速、有效地去除廢水中的有機物。光氧化法適用于廢水的處理,尤其適用于生物法和化學法難以氧化分解的有機廢水的處理。

4)廢水離子交換處理法

廢水離子交換處理法是借助于離子交換劑中的交換離子同廢水中的離子進行交換而去除廢水中有害離子的方法。

其交換過程:

A、被處理溶液中的某離子遷移到附著在離子交換劑顆粒表面的液膜中;

B、該離子通過液膜擴散(簡稱膜擴散)進入顆粒中,并在顆粒的孔道中擴散而到達離子交換劑的交換基團的部位上(簡稱顆粒內擴散);

C、該離子同離子交換劑上的離子進行交換;

D、被交換下來的離子沿相反途徑轉移到被處理的溶液中。離子交換反應是瞬間完成的,而交換過程的速度主要取決于長時間的膜擴散或顆粒內擴散。

離子交換的特點:依當量關系進行,反應是可逆的,交換劑具有選擇性。應用于各種金屬表面加工產生的廢水處理和從原子核反應器、醫院和實驗室廢水中回收或去除放射性物質,具有廣闊的前景。

5)廢水吸附處理法

廢水吸附處理法是利用多孔性固體(稱為吸附劑)吸附廢水中某種或幾種污染物(稱為吸附質),以回收或去除某些污染物,從而使廢水得到凈化的方法。有物理吸附和化學吸附之分。前者沒選擇性,是放熱過程,溫度降低利于吸附;后者具選擇性,系吸熱過程,溫度升高利于吸附。

吸附法單元操作分三步:

A、使廢水和固體吸附劑接觸,廢水的污染物被吸附劑吸附;

B將吸附有污染物的吸附劑與廢水分離;

C、進行吸附劑的再生或更新。

按接觸、分離的方式,可分為:

A、靜態間歇吸附法,即將吸附劑投入反應池的廢水中,使吸附劑和廢水充分接觸,達到吸附平衡后,利用沉淀法或再輔以過濾將吸附劑從廢水中分離出來;

B、動態連續吸附法,即當廢水連續通過吸附劑填料時,吸附去除其中的污染物。吸附劑有活性炭與大孔吸附樹脂等。爐渣、焦炭、硅藻土、褐煤、泥煤、粘土等均為廉價吸附劑,但它們的吸收容量小,效率低。

3、廢水化學處理法

廢水化學處理法是指通過化學反應改變廢水中污染物的化學性質或物理性質,使它或從溶解、膠體或懸浮狀態轉變為沉淀或漂浮狀態,或從固態轉變為氣態,進而從水中除去的廢水處理方法。廢水化學處理法可分為:廢水中和處理法、廢水的混凝處理法、廢水的化學沉淀處理法、廢水氧化處理法、廢水萃取處理法等。有時為了有效地處理含有多種不同性質的污染物的廢水,將上述兩種以上處理法組合起來。如處理小流量和低濃度的含酚廢水,就把化學混凝處理法(除懸浮物等)和化學氧化處理法(除酚)組合起來。

1簡介

廢水化學處理法化學處理法是利用化學反應來分離、回收廢水中的污染物,或將其轉化為穩定物質,主要工藝有中和、混凝、化學沉淀、氧化還原、吸附、萃取等?;瘜W處理法,特別是化學沉淀法,早在廢水處理發展的初期就開始應用。它比自然沉淀法能迅速而有效地去除廢水中的懸浮物。這種處理方法的缺點是化學藥劑比較昂貴,處理后產生大量難以脫水的污泥,因而它的發展一度受到限制。由于用途廣泛的許多種化學處理藥劑和設備相繼問世,價格逐漸降低,因此化學處理法在廢水處理中的應用日益廣泛,現今已漸與生物處理法并駕齊驅。

化學處理還可作為生物處理后的三級處理措施,如以析點氯化法或堿化吹脫法去除氨氮,以化學沉淀法除磷,以臭氧、二氧化氯、高錳酸鉀等氧化法去除難以生物降解的有機污染物。

化學處理法還能有效地去除廢水中的多種劇毒和高毒污染物,如用中和沉淀和硫化物沉淀法、電解法、離子浮選法、化學吸附法、溶劑萃取法去除或回收汞、錫、銅、鋅、鉻等重金屬,用化學氧化法破壞酚等。用強氧化劑的化學氧化法能分解難以生物降解的合成洗滌劑ABS,并能分解帶發色基團的化合物而去除其色度。中和法廣泛應用于處理酸性和堿性廢水。

與生物處理法相比,化學處理法能迅速、有效地去除種類更多的污染物,特別是生物處理法不能奏效的一些污染物?;瘜W處理設備容易操作,也容易實現自動檢測和控制;一些有毒有害的污染物能作為有用的資源回收利用。化學處理系統能實現一些工業用水的閉路循環,在水和其他資源日漸短缺的現狀下,廢水化學處理接將獲得更大的發展。

2廢水化學沉淀處理法

廢水化學沉淀處理法是通過向廢水中投加可溶性化學藥劑,使之與其中呈離子狀態的無機污染物起化學反應,生成不溶于或難溶于水的化合物沉淀析出,從而使廢水凈化的方法。投入廢水中的化學藥劑稱為沉淀劑,常用的有石灰、硫化物和鋇鹽等。

化學沉淀法的原理是通過化學反應使廢水中呈溶解狀態的重金屬轉變為不溶于水的重金屬化合物,通過過濾和分離使沉淀物從水溶液中去除,包括中和沉淀法、硫化物沉淀法、鐵氧體共沉淀法。由于受沉淀劑和環境條件的影響,沉淀法往往出水濃度達不到要求,需作進一步處理,產生的沉淀物很好地處理與處置,否則會造成二次污染。

根據沉淀劑的不同,可分為:

A、氫氧化物沉淀法,即中和沉淀法,是從廢水中除去重金屬有效而經濟的方法;

B、硫化物沉淀法,能更有效地處理含金屬廢水,特別是經氫氧化物沉淀法處理仍不能達到排放標準的含汞、含鎘廢水;

C鋇鹽沉淀法,常用于電鍍含鉻廢水的處理。化學沉淀法是一種傳統的水處理方法,廣泛用于水質處理中的軟化過程,也常用于工業廢水處理,以去除重金屬。

3廢水混凝處理法

廢水混凝處理法是通過向廢水中投加混凝劑,使其中的膠粒物質發生凝聚和絮凝而分離出來,以凈化廢水的方法?;炷的圩饔门c絮凝作用的合稱。前者系因投加電解質,使膠粒電動電勢降低或消除,以致膠體顆粒失去穩定性,脫穩膠粒相互聚結而產生;后者系由高分子物質吸附搭橋,使膠體顆粒相互聚結而產生。

混凝劑在污水處理中的應用:顆粒中較大的粗粒懸浮物可以利用自然沉淀去除,但是更微小的懸浮物,甚至是某些有害的化學離子,特別是膠體粒子沉降得很慢,甚至能在水中長期保持分散的懸浮狀態而不能自然下沉,難以用自然沉淀的方法從水中分離除去?;炷齽┑脑硎瞧茐倪@些細小顆粒的穩定性,使其互相接觸而凝聚在一起,形成絮狀物,并下沉分離。

利用混凝劑治理污水綜合了混合、反應、凝聚、絮凝等九個過程。由于混凝劑投入水中,大多可以提供大量的正離子。正離子能把膠體顆粒表面所帶的負電中和掉,使其顆粒間排斥力減小,從而容易靠近并凝聚成絮狀細粒,實現了使水中細小膠體顆粒脫穩并凝聚成微小細粒的過程。微小的細粒通過吸附、卷帶和架橋形成更大的絮體沉淀下來,達到了可從水中分離出來的目的?!』炷齽┛蓺w納為兩類;

A、無機鹽類,有鋁鹽(硫酸鋁、硫酸鋁鉀、鋁酸鉀等)、鐵鹽(三氯化鐵、硫酸亞鐵、硫酸鐵等)和碳酸鎂等;

B、高分子物質,有聚合氯化鋁,聚丙烯酰胺等。處理時,向廢水中加入混凝劑,消除或降低水中膠體顆粒間的相互排斥力,使水中膠體顆粒易于相互碰撞和附聚搭接而形成較大顆?;蛐跄w,進而從水中分離出來。影響混凝效果的因素有:水溫、pH值、濁度、硬度及混凝劑的投放量等。

4廢水氧化處理法

廢水氧化處理法是指利用強氧化劑氧化分解污染物以凈化廢水的一種化學處理方法。強氧化劑能把廢水中的有機物逐步降解,成為簡單的無機物,也能把溶解于水中的污染物,氧化為不溶于水、又易于從水中分離的物質。氧化處理法幾乎可以處理各種工業廢水,特別適用于處理廢水中難以生物降解的有機物,如絕大部分農藥和殺蟲劑、酚,以及引起色度、臭味的某些物質,如丹寧、木質素等。

常用氧化劑:

A、氯類,有氣態氯、液態氯、次氯酸鈉、次氯酸鈣、二氧化氯等

B、氧類,有空氣中的氧、臭氧、過氧化氫、高錳酸鉀等。氧化劑的選擇應考慮:對廢水中特定的污染物有良好的氧化作用,反應后的生成物易于從廢水中分離,價格便宜,來源方便,常溫下反應速度較快,反應時不需要大幅度調節pH值等。氧化處理法幾乎可處理工業廢水,特別適用于處理廢水中難以被生物降解的有機物,如絕大部分農藥和殺蟲劑,酚,以及引起色度、臭味的物質等。

5廢水中和處理法

A、酸、堿廢水(或廢渣)中和法:(1)酸堿廢水的相互中和可根據當量定律定量計算:NaVa=NbVb,其中:Na、Nb分別為酸堿的當量濃度;Va、Vb分別為酸堿溶液的體積。中和過程中,酸堿雙方的當量數恰好相等時稱為中和反應的等當點。強酸、強堿的中和達到等當點時,由于所生成的強酸強堿鹽不發生水解,因此等當點即中性點,溶液的pH值等于7.0。但中和的一方若為弱酸或弱堿,由于中和過程中所生成的鹽,在水中進行水解,因此,盡管達到等當點,但溶液并非中性,而根據生成鹽水的水解可能呈現酸性或堿性,pH值的大小由所生成鹽的水解度決定。

B、投藥中和法:投藥中和法是應用廣泛的一種中和方法。常用的堿型藥劑是石灰,有時也選用苛性鈉,碳酸鈉、石灰石或白云石不等。選擇堿式藥劑時,不僅要考慮它本身的溶解性,反應速度、成本、二次污染、使用方便等因素,而且還要考慮中和產物的性狀、數量及處理費用等因素。

C、過濾中和法:一般適用于處理含酸濃度較低(硫酸<20g>

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