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污水處理工藝及優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)大總結(jié)(一)

2022-12-03  來(lái)自: 中國(guó)水網(wǎng) 瀏覽次數(shù):445

一、污水處理級(jí)別及工藝

1水處理級(jí)別

污水處理級(jí)別有一 級(jí)處理包括一 級(jí)強(qiáng)化處理、二級(jí)處理包括二級(jí)強(qiáng)化處理 和深度處理。

工藝

2污水處理工藝的組成

1物理處理工段

2生化處理工段

水處理工藝選擇的原則

1工藝選擇的主要技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)包括:

1處理單位水量投資;

2削減單位污染投資;

3處理單位水量電耗和成本;

4削減單位污染物電耗和成本;

5占地面積;

6運(yùn)行性能可靠性;

7管理維護(hù)難易程度;

8總體環(huán)境效益等。

2城市污水處理工藝應(yīng)根據(jù)處理規(guī)模、水質(zhì)特征、受納水體的環(huán)境功能及當(dāng)?shù)氐膶?shí)際情況和要求,經(jīng)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較后確定。

3應(yīng)切合實(shí)際地確定污水進(jìn)水水質(zhì),優(yōu)化工藝設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù),對(duì)污水的現(xiàn)狀水質(zhì)特征,污染物構(gòu)成進(jìn)行詳細(xì)調(diào)查或測(cè)定,作出合理的分析預(yù)測(cè),在水質(zhì)構(gòu)成復(fù)雜或特殊時(shí),應(yīng)進(jìn)行污水處理工藝的動(dòng)態(tài)試驗(yàn),必要時(shí)應(yīng)開(kāi)展中試研究

4審慎地采用新工藝,對(duì)在國(guó)內(nèi)應(yīng)用的新工藝,經(jīng)過(guò)中試和生產(chǎn)性試驗(yàn),提供可靠的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)后再進(jìn)行應(yīng)用。

5同一個(gè)污水廠分期建設(shè)時(shí),各階段應(yīng)盡量采用同一種工藝,而且各階段的建設(shè)規(guī)模應(yīng)盡量相同。

污水處理方法

現(xiàn)代污水處理方法主要分為物理處理法、化學(xué)處理法、物理化學(xué)處理法和生物處理法四類(lèi)。

1物理處理法

物理處理法是通過(guò)物理作用,以分離、回收污水中不溶解的、呈懸浮狀的污染物質(zhì)包括油膜和油珠,在處理過(guò)程中不改變其化學(xué)性質(zhì)。常用的有過(guò)濾法、沉淀法、浮選法等。

1過(guò)濾法:利用過(guò)濾介質(zhì)截流污水中的懸浮物。過(guò)濾介質(zhì)有篩網(wǎng)、紗布、粒物,常用的過(guò)濾設(shè)備格柵、篩網(wǎng)、微濾機(jī)等。

A格柵與篩網(wǎng):在排水工程中,廢水通過(guò)下水道流人水處理廠,首先應(yīng)經(jīng)過(guò)斜置在渠道內(nèi)的一組金屬制的呈縱向平行的框條格柵、穿孔板或過(guò)濾網(wǎng)篩網(wǎng),使漂浮物或懸浮物不能通過(guò)而被阻留在格柵、細(xì)篩或?yàn)V料上。

a格柵板

這一步屬?gòu)U水的預(yù)處理其目的在于回收有用物質(zhì)初步漫清廢水以利于以后的處理,減輕沉淀池或其他處理設(shè)備的負(fù)荷保護(hù)抽水機(jī)械,以免受到顆粒物堵塞發(fā)生故障。

保護(hù)水泵和其他處理設(shè)備,格柵截留的效果主要取決于污水水質(zhì)和格柵空隙的大小。清渣方法有人工與機(jī)械兩種。柵渣應(yīng)及時(shí)清理和處理。

b篩網(wǎng)

篩網(wǎng)主要用于截留粒度在數(shù)毫米到數(shù)十毫米的細(xì)碎懸浮態(tài)雜物,如纖維、紙漿、藻類(lèi)等,通常用金屬絲、化纖編織而成,或用穿孔鋼板,孔徑一般小于5mm,可為0.2mm

篩網(wǎng)過(guò)濾裝置有轉(zhuǎn)鼓式、旋轉(zhuǎn)式、轉(zhuǎn)盤(pán)式、固定式振動(dòng)斜篩等。不論何種結(jié)構(gòu),既要能截留污物,又便于卸料及清理篩面

B粒狀介質(zhì)過(guò)濾又稱(chēng)彤、濾、 驚料過(guò)濾:廢水通過(guò)粒狀濾料如石英砂床層時(shí),其中細(xì)小的懸浮物和肢體就被截留在濾料的表面和內(nèi)部空隙中。

常用的過(guò)濾介質(zhì)有石英砂、無(wú)煙煤和石榴石等。在過(guò)濾過(guò)程中濾料同時(shí)對(duì)懸浮物進(jìn)行物理截留、沉降和吸附等作用。過(guò)濾的效果取決于濾料孔徑的大小、濾料層的厚度、 過(guò)濾速度及污水的性質(zhì)等因素。

當(dāng)廢水自上而下流過(guò)粒狀濾料層時(shí),位徑較大的懸浮顆粒首先被截留在表層濾料的空隙中,從而使此層濾料空隙越來(lái)越小,逐漸形成一層主要由被截留的團(tuán)體顆粒構(gòu)成的濾膜, 并由它起主要的過(guò)濾作用。這種作用屬于阻力截留或篩濾作用。

廢水通過(guò)濾料層時(shí),眾多的濾料表面提供了巨大的可供懸浮物沉降的有效面積,形成無(wú)數(shù)的小 “沉淀池”,懸浮物容易在此沉降下來(lái)。這種作用屬于重力 沉降。

由于濾料具有巨大的表面積,它與懸浮物之間有明顯的物理吸附作用。此外,砂粒在水中常帶有表面負(fù)電荷,能吸附帶正電荷的鐵、鋁等肢體,從而在濾料表面形成帶正電荷的薄膜,并進(jìn)而吸附帶負(fù)電荷的膠土和多種有機(jī)物等膠體,在砂粒上發(fā)生接觸絮凝。

2沉淀法:沉淀法是利用污水中的懸浮物和水的相對(duì)密度不同的原理 借助重力沉降作用使懸浮物從水中分離出來(lái)。根據(jù)水中懸浮顆粒的濃度及絮凝特性即彼此帖結(jié)聚團(tuán)的能力可分為四種:

A分離沉降或自由沉降:在沉淀過(guò)程中,顆粒之間互不聚合,單獨(dú)進(jìn)行沉降。顆位只受到本身在水中的重力和水流阻力的作用,其形狀、 尺寸、 質(zhì)量均不改變,下降速度也不改變。

B混凝沉淀或稱(chēng)作絮凝沉降:混凝沉降是指在混凝劑的作用下,使廢水中的膠體和細(xì)微懸浮物凝聚為具有可分離性的絮凝體,然后采用重力沉降予以分離去除。混凝沉淀的特點(diǎn)是在沉淀過(guò)程中,顆粒接觸碰撞而互相聚集形成較大絮體,因此顆粒的尺寸和質(zhì)量均會(huì)隨深度的增加而變大,其沉速也隨深度而變大。

常用的無(wú)機(jī)混凝劑有硫酸鋁、硫酸亞鐵、三氯化鐵及聚合鋁常用的有機(jī)絮凝劑有聚丙烯酷膠等,還可采用助凝劑如水玻璃、石灰等

C區(qū)域沉降又稱(chēng)擁擠沉降、成層沉降:當(dāng)廢水中懸浮物含量較高時(shí),顆粒間的距離較小,其間的聚合力能使其集合成為一個(gè)整體,并一同下沉,而顆粒相互間的位置不發(fā)生變動(dòng),因此澄清水和混水間有一明顯的分界面,逐漸向下移動(dòng),此類(lèi)沉降稱(chēng)為區(qū)域沉降。加高濁度水的沉淀池和二次沉淀池中的沉降在沉降中后期多屬此類(lèi)。

D壓縮沉淀:當(dāng)懸浮液中的懸浮固體濃度很高時(shí),顆粒互相接觸、擠壓,在上層顆粒的重力作用下,下層顆粒間隙中的水被擠出,顆粒群體被壓縮。壓縮沉淀發(fā)生在沉淀池底部的污泥斗或污泥濃縮池中,進(jìn)行得很緩慢。依據(jù)水中懸浮性物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)不同,設(shè)有沉砂池和沉淀池兩種設(shè)備。

E沉淀池

沉砂池用于除去水中砂粒、煤渣等相對(duì)密度較大的元機(jī)顆粒物。沉砂池一般設(shè)在污水處理裝置前,以防止處理污水的其他機(jī)械設(shè)備受到磨損。

沉淀池是利用重力的作用使懸浮性雜質(zhì)與水分離。它可以分離直徑為20100μ,m以上的顆粒。根據(jù)沉淀池內(nèi)的水流方向,可將其分為平流式、輻流式和豎流式三種。

a平流式沉淀池:廢水從池一端流人,按水平方向在池內(nèi)流動(dòng),水中懸浮物逐漸沉向池底,澄清水從另一端溢出。

b輻流式沉淀池:池子多為圓形,直徑較大,一般在2030m以上,適用于大型水處理廠。原水經(jīng)進(jìn)水管進(jìn)入筒后,通過(guò)筒壁上的孔口和外圍的環(huán)形穿孔擋板,沿徑向呈輻射狀流向沉淀池周邊。由于過(guò)水?dāng)嗝娌粩嘧兇螅魉僦饾u變小,顆粒沉降下來(lái),澄清水從其周?chē)绯鰠R入集水槽排出。

c豎流式沉淀池:截面多為圓形,也有方形和多角形的。水由管的下口流入池中,通過(guò)反射板的阻攔向四周分布于整個(gè)水平斷面上,緩緩流動(dòng)。沉速超過(guò)上升流速的顆粒則沉到污泥斗,澄清后的水由四周的埋口溢出池外。

在污水處理與利用的方法中,沉淀或上浮法常常作為其他處理方法前的預(yù)處理。如用生物處理法處理、污水時(shí),一般需事先經(jīng)過(guò)預(yù)沉池去除大部分懸浮物質(zhì),以減少生化處理時(shí)的負(fù)荷,而經(jīng)生物處理后的出水仍要經(jīng)過(guò)二次沉淀池的處理,進(jìn)行泥水分離以保證出水水質(zhì)。

3浮選法:將空氣通人污水中,并以微小氣泡形式從水中析出成為載體,污水中相對(duì)密度接近于水的微小顆粒狀的污染物質(zhì)如乳化油等附在氣泡上,并隨氣泡上升到水面,然后用機(jī)械的方法撇除,從而使污水中的污染物質(zhì)得以從污水中分離出來(lái)。

疏水性的物質(zhì)易氣浮,而親水性的物質(zhì)不易氣浮。因此有時(shí)為了提高氣浮效率,需向污水中加入浮選劑改變污染物的表面特性,使某些親水性物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槭杷晕镔|(zhì),然后氣浮除去,這種方法稱(chēng)為“浮選”。

氣浮時(shí)要求氣泡的分散度高,量多,有利于提高氣浮的效果。泡沫層的穩(wěn)定性要適當(dāng),既便于浮渣穩(wěn)定在水面上,又不影響浮渣的運(yùn)送和脫水。產(chǎn)生氣 泡的方法有兩種:

A機(jī)械法:使空氣通過(guò)微孔管、微孔板、帶孔轉(zhuǎn)盤(pán)等生成微小氣泡。

B壓力溶氣法:將空氣在一定的壓力下溶于水中, 并達(dá)到飽和狀態(tài), 然后突然減壓, 過(guò)飽和的空氣便以微小氣泡的形式從水中逸出。目前廢水處理中的氣浮工藝多采用壓力溶氣法。

氣浮法的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)有:設(shè)備運(yùn)行能力優(yōu)于沉淀池,一般只需1520min即可完成固液分離,因此它占地少,效率較高氣浮法所產(chǎn)生的污泥較干燥,不易腐化,且系表面刮取,操作較便利整個(gè)工作是向水中通人空氣,增加了水中的潛解氧量,對(duì)除去水中有機(jī)物、藻類(lèi)表面活性劑及臭味等有明顯效果,其出水水質(zhì)為后續(xù)處理及利用提供了有利條件。

氣浮法的主要缺點(diǎn)是:耗電量較大設(shè)備維修及管理工作量增加,運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)部分常有堵塞的可能浮渣露出水面,易受風(fēng)、雨等氣候因素影響。

除了上述兩種氣浮方法外,目前較為常用的方法還有電解氣浮法

4離心分離法:含有懸浮污染物質(zhì)的污水在高速旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),利用懸浮顆粒如乳化油和污水受到的離心力不同,從而達(dá)到分離目的的方法。常用的離心設(shè)備有旋流分離器和離心分離器等。

衡水市衡美水處理設(shè)備有限公司,專(zhuān)營(yíng) 淺層砂過(guò)濾器 過(guò)濾器 全自動(dòng)加藥裝置 原水處理設(shè)備 等業(yè)務(wù),有意向的客戶請(qǐng)咨詢我們,聯(lián)系電話:0318-2987119

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