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工業(yè)廢水處理原則分析(上)

2022-06-16  來自: 環(huán)保水圈 瀏覽次數(shù):834

工業(yè)廢水是指工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的廢水、污水和廢液,其中含有隨水流失的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)用料、中間產(chǎn)物和產(chǎn)品以及生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的污染物。隨著工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,廢水的種類和數(shù)量迅猛增加,對水體的污染也日趨廣泛和嚴(yán)重,威脅人類的健康。


工業(yè)廢水

對于保護(hù)環(huán)境來說,工業(yè)廢水的處理比城市污水的處理更為重要。工業(yè)廢水的處理雖然早在19世紀(jì)末已經(jīng)開始,并且在隨后的半個世紀(jì)進(jìn)行了大量的試驗研究和生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐,但是由于許多工業(yè)廢水成分復(fù)雜,性質(zhì)多變,至今仍有一些技術(shù)問題沒有完全解決。這點(diǎn)和技術(shù)已臻成熟的城市污水處理是不同的。

一、工業(yè)廢水分類,通常有三種:

1、一種是按工業(yè)廢水中所含主要污染物的化學(xué)性質(zhì)分類,含無機(jī)污染物為主的為無機(jī)廢水,含有機(jī)污染物為主的為有機(jī)廢水。例如電鍍廢水和礦物加工過程的廢水,是無機(jī)廢水;食品或石油加工過程的廢水,是有機(jī)廢水。

2另一種是按工業(yè)企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品和加工對象分類,如冶金廢水、造紙廢水、煉焦煤氣廢水、金屬酸洗廢水、化學(xué)肥料廢水、紡織印染廢水、染料廢水、制革廢水、農(nóng)藥廢水、電站廢水等。

3第三種是按廢水中所含污染物的主要成分分類,如酸性廢水、堿性廢水、含氰廢水、含鉻廢水、含鎘廢水、含汞廢水、含酚廢水、含醛廢水、含油廢水、含硫廢水、含有機(jī)磷廢水和放射性廢水等。

前兩種分類法不涉及廢水中所含污染物的主要成分,也不能表明廢水的危害性。第三種分類法,明確地指出廢水中主要污染物的成分,能表明廢水一定的危害性。

此外也有從廢水處理的難易度和廢水的危害性出發(fā),將廢水中主要污染物歸納為三類:一類為廢熱,主要來自冷卻水,冷卻水可以回用;另一類為常規(guī)污染物,即無明顯毒性而又易于生物降解的物質(zhì),包括生物可降解的有機(jī)物,可作為生物營養(yǎng)素的化合物,以及懸浮固體等;第三類為有毒污染物,即含有毒性而又不易生物降解的物質(zhì),包括重金屬、有毒化合物和不易被生物降解的有機(jī)化合物等。

實(shí)際上,一種工業(yè)可以排出幾種不同性質(zhì)的廢水,而一種廢水又會有不同的污染物和不同的污染效應(yīng)。例如染料工廠既排出酸性廢水,又排出堿性廢水。紡織印染廢水,由于織物和染料的不同,其中的污染物和污染效應(yīng)就會有很大差別。即便是一套生產(chǎn)裝置排出的廢水,也可能同時含有幾種污染物。如煉油廠的蒸餾、裂化、焦化、疊合等裝置的塔頂油品蒸氣凝結(jié)水中,含有酚、油、硫化物。在不同的工業(yè)企業(yè),雖然產(chǎn)品、原料和加工過程截然不同,也可能排出性質(zhì)類似的廢水。如煉油廠、化工廠和煉焦煤氣廠等,可能均有含油、含酚廢水排出。

二、工業(yè)廢水處理原則

工業(yè)廢水的有效治理應(yīng)遵循如下原則:

1根本的是改革生產(chǎn)工藝,盡可能在生產(chǎn)過程中避免毒有害廢水的產(chǎn)生。取代有毒用料或產(chǎn)品。

2、使用有毒原料以及產(chǎn)生有毒的中間產(chǎn)物和產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程中,采用合理的工藝流程設(shè)備,并實(shí)行嚴(yán)格的操作和監(jiān)督,消除漏逸,盡量減少流失量。

3含有劇毒物質(zhì)廢水,如含有一些重金屬、放射性物質(zhì)、高濃度酚、氰等廢水應(yīng)與其他廢水分流,以便于處理和回收有用物質(zhì)。

4、一些流量大而污染輕的廢水如冷卻廢水,不宜排入下水道,以免增加城市下水道和污水處理廠的負(fù)荷。這類廢水應(yīng)在廠內(nèi)經(jīng)適當(dāng)處理后循環(huán)使用。

5、成分和性質(zhì)類似于城市污水的有機(jī)廢水,如造紙廢水、制糖廢水、食品加工廢水等,可以排入城市污水系統(tǒng)。應(yīng)建造大型污水處理廠,包括因地制宜修建的生物氧化塘、污水庫、土地處理系統(tǒng)等簡易可行的處理設(shè)施。與小型污水處理廠相比,大型水處理廠既能顯著降低基本建設(shè)和運(yùn)行費(fèi)用,又因水量和水質(zhì)穩(wěn)定,易于保持良好的運(yùn)行狀況和處理效果。

6、一些可以生物降解的有毒廢水如含酚、氰廢水,經(jīng)廠內(nèi)處理后,可按容許排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)排入城市下水道,由污水處理廠進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行生物氧化降解處理。

7含有難以生物降解的有毒污染物廢水,不應(yīng)排入城市下水道和輸往污水處理廠,而應(yīng)進(jìn)行單獨(dú)處理。工業(yè)廢水處理的發(fā)展趨勢是把廢水和污染物作為有用資源回收利用或?qū)嵭虚]路循環(huán)。


工業(yè)廢水


三、工業(yè)廢水處理方法介紹

1、含酚廢水有何危害,怎樣處理?

含酚廢水主要來自焦化廠、煤氣廠、石油化工廠、絕緣材料廠等工業(yè)部門以及石油裂解制乙烯、合成苯酚、聚酰胺纖維、合成染料、有機(jī)農(nóng)藥和酚醛樹脂生產(chǎn)過程。

含酚廢水中主要含有酚基化合物,如苯酚、甲酚、二甲酚和硝基甲酚等。酚基化合物是一種原生質(zhì)毒物,可使蛋白質(zhì)凝固。水中酚的質(zhì)量濃度達(dá)到0.10.2mg/L時,魚肉即有異味,不能食用;質(zhì)量濃度增加到1mg/L,會影響魚類產(chǎn)卵,含酚510mg/L,魚類就會大量死亡。飲用水中含酚能影響人體健康,即使水中含酚質(zhì)量濃度只有0.002mgL,用氯消毒也會產(chǎn)生氯酚惡臭。

通常將質(zhì)量濃度為1000mg/L的含酚廢水.稱為高濃度含酚廢水,這種廢水須回收酚后,再進(jìn)行處理。質(zhì)量濃度小于1000mg/L的含酚廢水,稱為低濃度含酚廢水。通常將這類廢水循環(huán)使用,將酚濃縮回收后處理。回收酚的方法有溶劑萃取法、蒸汽吹脫法、吸附法、封閉循環(huán)法等。含酚質(zhì)量濃度在300mg/L以下的廢水可用生物氧化、化學(xué)氧化、物理化學(xué)氧化等方法進(jìn)行處理后排放或回收。

2、含汞廢水怎樣治理,含汞化合物有何特性

含汞廢水主要來源于有色金屬冶煉廠、化工廠、農(nóng)藥廠、造紙廠、染料廠及熱工儀器儀表廠等。

從廢水中去除無機(jī)汞的方法有硫化物沉淀法、化學(xué)凝聚法、活性炭吸附怯、金屬還原法、離子交換法和微生物法等。一般偏堿性含汞廢水通常采用化學(xué)凝聚法或硫化物沉淀法處理。偏酸性的含汞廢水可用金屬還原法處理。低濃度的含汞廢水可用活性炭吸附法、化學(xué)凝聚法或活性污泥法處理,有機(jī)汞廢水較難處理,通常先將有機(jī)汞氧化為無機(jī)汞,而后進(jìn)行處理。

3、含油廢水有何特性,怎樣治理?

含油廢水主要來源于石油、石油化工、鋼鐵、焦化、煤氣發(fā)生站、機(jī)械加工等工業(yè)部門。

廢水中油類污染物質(zhì),除重焦油的相對密度為1.1以上外,其余的相對密度都小于1。油類物質(zhì)在廢水中通常以三種狀態(tài)存在。

1)浮上油。油滴粒徑大于100μm,易于從廢水中分離出來。

2)分散油。油滴粒徑介于10100μm之間,懇浮于水中。

3)乳化油。油滴粒徑小于10μm,不易從廢水中分離出來。

由于不同工業(yè)部門排出的廢水中含油濃度差異很大,如煉油過程中產(chǎn)生廢水,含油量約為1501000mg/L焦化廢水中焦油含量約為500800mg/L,煤氣發(fā)生站排出廢水中的焦油含量可達(dá)20003000mg/L。

因此,含油廢水的治理應(yīng)首先利用隔油池,回收浮油或重油,處理效率為60%一80%,出水中含油量約為100200mg/L;廢水中的乳化油和分散油較難處理,故應(yīng)防止或減輕乳化現(xiàn)象。方法之一,是在生產(chǎn)過程中注意減輕廢水中油的乳化;其二,是在處理過程中,盡量減少用泵提升廢水的次數(shù)、以免增加乳化程度。處理方法通常采用氣浮法和破乳法。

4、重金屬廢水來源及其處理原則是什么?

金屬廢水主要來自礦山、冶煉、電解、電鍍、農(nóng)藥、醫(yī)藥、油漆、顏料等企業(yè)排出的廢水。

廢水中重金屬的種類、含量及存在形態(tài)隨不同生產(chǎn)企業(yè)而異。由于重金屬不能分解破壞,而只能轉(zhuǎn)移它們的存在位置和轉(zhuǎn)變它們的物理和化學(xué)形態(tài)。例如,經(jīng)化學(xué)沉淀處理后,廢水中的重金屬從溶解的離子形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變成難溶性化臺物而沉淀下來,從水中轉(zhuǎn)移到污泥中;經(jīng)離子交換處理后,廢水中的重金屬離子轉(zhuǎn)移到離子交換樹脂上,經(jīng)再生后又從離子交換樹脂上轉(zhuǎn)移到再生廢液中。

因此,重金屬廢水處理原則是:首先,根本的是改革生產(chǎn)工藝。不用或少用毒性大的重金屬;其次是采用合理的工藝流程、科學(xué)的管理和操作,減少重金屬用量和隨廢水流失量,盡量減少外排廢水量。重金屬廢水應(yīng)當(dāng)在產(chǎn)生地點(diǎn)就地處理,不同其他廢水混合,以免使處理復(fù)雜化。更不應(yīng)當(dāng)不經(jīng)處理直接排入城市下水道,以免擴(kuò)大重金屬污染。

對重金屬廢水的處理,通??煞譃閮深悾灰皇鞘箯U水中呈溶解狀態(tài)的重金屬轉(zhuǎn)變成不溶的金屬化合物或元素,經(jīng)沉淀和上浮從廢水中去除.可應(yīng)用方法如中和沉淀法、硫化物沉淀法、上浮分離法、電解沉淀(或上?。┓ā⒏裟る娊夥ǖ?;二是將廢水中的重金屬在不改變其化學(xué)形態(tài)的條件下進(jìn)行濃縮和分離,可應(yīng)用方法有反滲透法、電滲析法、蒸發(fā)法和離子交換法等。這些方法應(yīng)根據(jù)廢水水質(zhì)、水量等情況單獨(dú)或組合使用。

5、怎樣處理含氰廢水?

含氰廢水主要來自電鍍、煤氣、焦化、冶金、金屬加工、化纖、塑料、農(nóng)藥、化工等部門。含氰廢水是一種毒性較大的工業(yè)廢水,在水中不穩(wěn)定,較易于分解,無機(jī)氰皆為劇毒性物質(zhì),人食入可引起急性中毒。含氰廢水治理措施主要如下:

1)改革工藝,減少或消除外排含氰廢水,如采用無氰電鍍法可消除電鍍車間工業(yè)廢水。

2)含氰量高的廢水,應(yīng)采用回收利用,含氰量低的廢水應(yīng)凈化處理方可排放。回收方法有酸化曝氣—堿液吸收法、蒸汽解吸法等。

治理方法有堿性氯化法、電解氧化法、加壓水解法、生物化學(xué)法、生物鐵法、硫酸亞鐵法、空氣吹脫法等。其中堿性氯化法應(yīng)用較廣,硫酸亞鐵法處理不完全亦不穩(wěn)定,空氣吹脫法既污染大氣,出水又達(dá)不到排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn),較少采用。


工業(yè)廢水


6、農(nóng)藥廢水的特點(diǎn)及其處理方法是什么?

農(nóng)藥品種繁多,農(nóng)藥廢水水質(zhì)復(fù)雜。其主要特點(diǎn)是:

1)污染物濃度較高,化學(xué)需氧量(COD)可達(dá)每升數(shù)萬mg;

2)毒性大,廢水中除含有農(nóng)藥和中間體外,還含有酚、砷、汞等有毒物質(zhì)以及許多生物難以降解的物質(zhì);

3)有惡臭,對人的呼吸道和粘膜有刺激性;

4)水質(zhì)、水量不穩(wěn)定。

因此,農(nóng)藥廢水對環(huán)境的污染非常嚴(yán)重。農(nóng)藥廢水處理的目的是降低農(nóng)藥生產(chǎn)廢水中污染物濃度,提高回收利用率,力求達(dá)到無害化。農(nóng)藥廢水的處理方法有活性炭吸附法、濕式氧化法、溶劑萃取法、蒸餾法和活性污泥法等。

但是,研制低毒、低殘留的新農(nóng)藥,這是農(nóng)藥發(fā)展方向。一些地區(qū)已禁止生產(chǎn)六六六等有機(jī)氯、有機(jī)汞農(nóng)藥,研究和使用微生物農(nóng)藥,這是一條從根本上防止農(nóng)藥廢水污染環(huán)境的新途徑。

衡水市衡美水處理設(shè)備有限公司,專營 淺層砂過濾器 過濾器 全自動加藥裝置 原水處理設(shè)備 等業(yè)務(wù),有意向的客戶請咨詢我們,聯(lián)系電話:0318-2987119

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