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農(nóng)村生活污水分散式處理的技術(shù)開發(fā)應(yīng)用(二)

2022-06-14  來自: 中國水網(wǎng) 瀏覽次數(shù):755

二、農(nóng)村生活污水常用的幾種處理技術(shù)

1穩(wěn)定塘

穩(wěn)定塘是利用藻類和細(xì)菌的共生關(guān)系,增強(qiáng)水體的自凈作用來降解水中的污染物,由于它不需要人工曝氣,建造和運(yùn)行費(fèi)用低廉,而且技術(shù)要求不高,不需要維護(hù),管理方便,特別適合農(nóng)村地區(qū)。

農(nóng)村生活污水

但傳統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定塘占地面積大,水力停留時(shí)間長,處理效果受溫度、光照影響大,效率較低,而且容易散發(fā)臭氣、滋生蚊蠅。

不同于傳統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定塘,現(xiàn)在被人們廣泛采用的是美國加州大學(xué)伯克利分校的 Oswald 提出的藻類塘。相對于傳統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定塘而言,藻類塘對土地面積需求更少,更適合對農(nóng)村或偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的污水進(jìn)行消毒。黃翔峰等利用藻類塘處理太湖地區(qū)的農(nóng)村生活污水,發(fā)現(xiàn)菌藻共生使塘內(nèi)水體溶解氧濃度較高。藻類凈化塘中生長的藻類還是一種非常好的生物質(zhì)燃料,Park 等在用于污水處理的藻類凈化塘中回收藻類制備生物燃料。

2人工濕地

人工濕地是人為建造的模擬自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物理、化學(xué)和生物凈化作用的系統(tǒng),用來去除生活污水中的有機(jī)物、氮、磷和重金屬等污染物,其中起主要作用的是植物吸收和微生物分解,另外不同的填料能起到過濾、吸附、離子交換等凈化效果。利用物理、化學(xué)和生物互相之間的協(xié)同作用凈化污水,該技術(shù)的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)工藝簡單,基本不需要人工曝氣系統(tǒng),效率高、耗能低、投資少、適用廣泛等,植物在吸收氮、磷的同時(shí)還能具備生態(tài)功能和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

盡管人工濕地有上述的優(yōu)點(diǎn),但是也存在一些缺點(diǎn),如占地面積較大,處理效果受季節(jié)影響嚴(yán)重,冬季效果較差。該工藝通常用于組合工藝的后段,保證出水水質(zhì)達(dá)到一 級A的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),尤其適合于有地勢差或?qū)Φ⒘兹コ筝^高的農(nóng)村地區(qū)。

3土壤滲濾系統(tǒng)

土壤滲濾系統(tǒng)是利用土壤的過濾、吸附和生物降解等功能達(dá)到凈化水質(zhì)的目的,污水經(jīng)過處理后主要補(bǔ)給地下水,維持地區(qū)的水量平衡。該生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有保護(hù)地下水和地表水的重要功能,它的效率主要取決于污染物在土壤中的行為和土壤中水力學(xué)條件。

Murakami 等發(fā)現(xiàn)利用該系統(tǒng)可有效去除污水中的有機(jī)物、磷元素、病原微生物和重金屬。該系統(tǒng)具備設(shè)備簡單、投資少、管理方便、能耗低等特點(diǎn),但是如果運(yùn)行不當(dāng),非常容易堵塞土壤,使土壤滲透性下降,形成水流短路,也會造成系統(tǒng)的缺氧。為了解決這個(gè)問題,研究人員對該系統(tǒng)做出了許多改進(jìn),如日本開發(fā)了由土壤混合層和通水層交替分布形成的多級土壤滲濾系統(tǒng),澳大利亞的專家開發(fā)了利用土地過濾、暗管排水相結(jié)合的“管排水相結(jié)合的污水處理系統(tǒng)”,污水持續(xù)灌溉農(nóng)作物,使氮、磷含量降低,水質(zhì)達(dá)標(biāo)。

4凈化槽

凈化槽是一種源于日本的農(nóng)村生活污水處理的裝備,起初只是類似于化糞池的簡易裝備,專門用于處理廁所的污水,稱為單獨(dú)凈化槽。這種簡易裝置對污染物的降解效果差,無法達(dá)到越來越嚴(yán)格的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn),僅可作為一種貯水容器使用,并沒有凈化污水的功能。

在現(xiàn)代化的生活方式中,廁所污水中污染物 BOD 的負(fù)荷量只占總 BOD 負(fù)荷量的三成左右,所以 2001 年日本立法取締了單獨(dú)凈化槽,即化糞池不能作為生活污水的處理設(shè)施。要求將家庭不同來源的生活污水一同處理,這就形成了合并式凈化槽,也就是目前被廣泛采用的凈化槽。

因其工藝建設(shè)及運(yùn)行所需成本低,維護(hù)簡單,適用于污水排放分散無序、水質(zhì)及水量變化較大的農(nóng)村 。由于日本生活污水凈化槽開發(fā)和推廣速度過快,使人們在對凈化槽的科學(xué)認(rèn)知上存在一些不足,如采用濾床和活性污泥混合處理,出水用水泵進(jìn)行回流。這樣不僅導(dǎo)致裝置復(fù)雜,而且處理效果也不高,后期對污泥的處理增加了管理負(fù)擔(dān),例如日本全國就有 8 萬多公務(wù)員負(fù)責(zé)管理凈化槽,每個(gè)凈化槽的污泥清理費(fèi)用為 4000 日元一次。近十幾年,不論是日方提供的凈化槽,還是各種途徑進(jìn)口的凈化槽,在我國幾乎很難運(yùn)行,所以開發(fā)適合于我國國情的凈化槽非常重要。

1一體化凈化槽研究概況

本研究團(tuán)隊(duì)從 2003 年就開始了分散式一體化凈化槽處理家庭生活污水的基礎(chǔ)研究,由于當(dāng)時(shí)我國政府計(jì)劃提升農(nóng)村飲用水質(zhì)量,提出了 2010 年在沿海地區(qū)農(nóng)村實(shí)行自來水化的國策,所以本團(tuán)隊(duì)認(rèn)為有必要尋找一種適合我國農(nóng)村生活污水處理的系統(tǒng)工程,完善對自來水化后的排水處理,讓自來水化工程更加完善。

本團(tuán)隊(duì)在日本凈化槽的啟發(fā)下,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)無人值守和污泥減量的目標(biāo),首先從根本上對凈化槽進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新,利用反應(yīng)工程平推流和全混流的基本原理,對凈化槽內(nèi)部構(gòu)件進(jìn)行改造,控制著高濃度污水進(jìn)入低濃度區(qū),降低后續(xù)的處理負(fù)荷,同時(shí)利用生物濾床提高微生物濃度,進(jìn)而提高生物反應(yīng)器的效率,取得了很好的處理效果。

研究了凈化槽的抗沖擊性,分別對進(jìn)水的污染物濃度和進(jìn)水流量進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的研究,驗(yàn)證了能達(dá)到排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的凈化槽污水處理能力,為實(shí)際應(yīng)用提供了基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。鑒于曝氣區(qū)域中合適的溶解氧濃度是決定曝氣強(qiáng)弱的關(guān)鍵技術(shù),對凈化槽的節(jié)能效果進(jìn)行了研究,特別是曝氣量對處理效果的影響,得到了既節(jié)能減排又能達(dá)到出水水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的曝氣量,為實(shí)際應(yīng)用中氣泵的選型提供了基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。

探討了生物濾床的必要性和不同的濾床材料的處理效果,強(qiáng)調(diào)了生物濾床可以實(shí)現(xiàn)污泥減量的重要性,開發(fā)了一種多孔波紋板生物濾床,其效果明顯優(yōu)于其他濾料,并且在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中得到了驗(yàn)證。

2)一體化凈化槽的技術(shù)和結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)

經(jīng)過多年的基礎(chǔ)研究,開發(fā)出了具有知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的凈化槽。

凈化槽的填料和水力學(xué)行為,使這種生物膜反應(yīng)器具備以下 3 個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn):

A平推流厭氧生物反應(yīng)器和全混流好氧生物反應(yīng)器一體化的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì),使進(jìn)口處高濃度生活污水平推流厭氧生物反應(yīng)器中連續(xù)降解,不形成逆流,從而控制高濃度污水進(jìn)入低濃度區(qū),增加抗沖擊能力,有利于間隙排放的生活污水的處理。同時(shí)在凈化槽之前借助水解槽將生活污水中的大顆粒物質(zhì)分解成為小分子可溶態(tài)物質(zhì)。

B生物膜濾床技術(shù),在厭氧區(qū)和好氧區(qū)各增加濾床,對濾床種類、構(gòu)造以及在設(shè)備中的安裝方式進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),防止了填料的堵塞,有效發(fā)揮濾床固液分離作用、生物膜吸附作用以及生物降解作用,控制沖廁水中的顆粒物流入低濃度區(qū),進(jìn)一步提高抗沖擊性能力,實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)處理。

C空間上的一體化技術(shù),厭氧區(qū)、好氧區(qū)、沉淀區(qū)以及消毒區(qū)連為一體,兩區(qū)共用一壁,污水以自流方式運(yùn)動(dòng),不需要外加動(dòng)力,節(jié)能減排。

整個(gè)裝置中沒有任何的金屬構(gòu)件,防止了內(nèi)部腐蝕,增加了設(shè)備的壽命周期,而且采取地埋式的安裝,冬天也能正常運(yùn)行。因此完全可以做到無人值守,壽命周期可以達(dá)到 30 年。

3)單戶型一體化凈化槽示范效果

凈化槽的開發(fā)要從實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)際的示范工程,本研究團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行了單戶型一體化凈化槽的示范工程。農(nóng)在實(shí)際運(yùn)行過程中,經(jīng)歷了氣溫的變化和夏季暴雨排水系統(tǒng)的多次返灌,但是處理效果沒有受到影響,證明自主開發(fā)的凈化槽抗沖擊性很強(qiáng),這主要是生物濾床的作用,完全避免了活性污泥法的缺點(diǎn)。

期間從未停止運(yùn)行,也沒有對凈化槽進(jìn)行過人工清理,可以明顯看到7 年后在厭氧區(qū)馴化出了有效的微生物以及后生動(dòng)物,將這些浮渣進(jìn)行了消減,充分體現(xiàn)了該系統(tǒng)的抗沖擊能力。

啟此凈化槽的啟動(dòng)時(shí)間是 2008 8 23 日,11 7 日取水分析,出水水質(zhì) BOD 5 相比原水有所降低,但仍然很高,然后立即投菌,11 15 日取水檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)水質(zhì)清澈透明,水質(zhì)已達(dá)到了城鎮(zhèn)污水排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一 級B 的要求。經(jīng)過近 4 個(gè)多月的連續(xù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),處理效果和穩(wěn)定性都很好,7 年后的數(shù)據(jù)分析也證明了本研究團(tuán)隊(duì)開發(fā)的凈化槽完全可以用于單戶型農(nóng)家生活污水的處理,處理每噸水耗電量為 1.5kW˙h

至今 3 臺單戶型凈化槽已經(jīng)連續(xù)運(yùn)行了 8 年多,期間一直工作良好,實(shí)現(xiàn)了無人值守。農(nóng)業(yè)部張?zhí)伊指辈块L、日本東京大學(xué)代表團(tuán)和日本日立公司人員參觀后都非常認(rèn)可這項(xiàng)示范工程,同時(shí)該工程還獲得全國農(nóng)牧漁業(yè)豐收獎(jiǎng)一等獎(jiǎng)。

衡水市衡美水處理設(shè)備有限公司,專營 淺層砂過濾器 過濾器 全自動(dòng)加藥裝置 原水處理設(shè)備 等業(yè)務(wù),有意向的客戶請咨詢我們,聯(lián)系電話:0318-2987119

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