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醫(yī)藥化工廢水處理相關(guān)工藝分析(上)

2022-01-22  來(lái)自: 中國(guó)水網(wǎng) 瀏覽次數(shù):787

一、概述

醫(yī)藥化工企業(yè)從事有機(jī)化工制藥中間體的開發(fā)和生產(chǎn),主要產(chǎn)品有2-氟苯胺、24-二氟苯胺、26-二氟苯胺、4--2-氟苯胺、4--2-氟聯(lián)苯、24-二氟聯(lián)苯、2-氟聯(lián)苯等。在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中排放廢水污染物含有苯胺、聯(lián)苯、異丙醇等有機(jī)物,具有污染物濃度高、成分復(fù)雜、毒性大、可生化性差等特點(diǎn),單獨(dú)采用物化法或生化法很難使得廢水達(dá)標(biāo)排放。


醫(yī)藥化工廢水


因此,比較有效的處理工藝就是將物化法同生化法相結(jié)合,如Fenton-UASB-A/O 工藝、水解酸化-鐵炭微電解-好氧生化工藝、高壓脈沖電凝-Fenton-生化法等。工程結(jié)合目前類似醫(yī)藥化工中間體生產(chǎn)廢水處理技術(shù),在大量小試及中試的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了適合該企業(yè)的廢水處理工藝,系統(tǒng)闡述了該工藝對(duì)廢水的處理效果,并介紹了各主要構(gòu)筑物的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)和工程經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)等情況。

1廢水水質(zhì)與水量

廢水主要來(lái)自合成車間生產(chǎn)廢水、設(shè)備及地面沖洗水和部分生活污水,廢水總量為25 t/d。設(shè)計(jì)出水水質(zhì)達(dá)到污水綜合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB8978-1996)要求。設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)出水水質(zhì)如表1 所示。

醫(yī)藥化工廢水

其中,COD 采用重鉻酸鉀法測(cè)定(GB/T 119142-1989);氨氮采用蒸餾和滴定法測(cè)定(GB/T 7478-1987);色度采用稀釋倍數(shù)法測(cè)定(GB 119032-89);SS 采用重量法測(cè)定(GB/T 11901-1989);pH 采用便攜式pH 計(jì)測(cè)定;Cl-采用滴定法測(cè)定。

2工藝流程

由于廢水為弱酸性廢水,且其中含有大量難生化降解的芳香族化合物,可生化性差,所以采用Fe/C 微電解-催化氧化-A/O 生化法對(duì)該廢水進(jìn)行處理。工藝流程如圖2 所示。

醫(yī)藥化工廢水

由圖2可見,車間生產(chǎn)廢水、生活污水等首先加入調(diào)節(jié)池進(jìn)行水質(zhì)水量調(diào)節(jié),然后經(jīng)潛水泵提升到酸化池。通過(guò)投加硫酸將廢水調(diào)節(jié)至強(qiáng)酸性(pH2~3)后,廢水自流進(jìn)入Fe/C微電解池,以去除廢水中的部分有機(jī)物、COD、色度,同時(shí)提高廢水生化性。Fe/C 微電解池出水進(jìn)入中和池,投加石灰液,調(diào)節(jié)廢水至強(qiáng)堿性(pH 9~10),隨后進(jìn)入曝氣池,通過(guò)曝氣吹出廢水中部分氨后進(jìn)入絮凝沉淀池,去除廢水中的固體懸浮物,上清液自流進(jìn)入中間水池1,污泥由泵打入污泥池。中間水池1 中投加硫酸再次調(diào)節(jié)廢水pH 4~5 后,經(jīng)水泵提升進(jìn)入催化氧化塔。為了保證進(jìn)入催化氧化塔廢水的清澈度,在催化氧化塔前設(shè)置保安過(guò)濾器,以去除廢水中微小顆粒物。廢水經(jīng)過(guò)濾后,進(jìn)入催化氧化塔。在進(jìn)水管路上設(shè)置管道混合器,以便投加的H2O2藥劑同廢水充分混合,混有H2O2的廢水在催化氧化塔中發(fā)生氧化還原反應(yīng),將廢水中大分子、難降解的有機(jī)物及發(fā)色基團(tuán)進(jìn)一步降解,同時(shí)提高廢水可生化性。廢水經(jīng)催化氧化后進(jìn)入中間水池2,投加NaOH 調(diào)節(jié)廢水pH 6.5~8,采用A/O 生化處理,使得廢水能夠達(dá)標(biāo)排放。

二、制藥工業(yè)廢水處理方法

制藥工業(yè)廢水處理方法可歸納為以下幾種:物化處理、化學(xué)處理 、生化處理以及多種方法的組合處理。

1物化處理根據(jù)制藥廢水的水質(zhì)特點(diǎn),在其處理過(guò)程中需要采用物化處理作為生化處理的預(yù)處理或后處理工序。目前應(yīng)用的物化處理方法主要包括混凝、氣浮、吸附、氨吹脫、電解、離子交換和膜分離法等。

1)混凝法該技術(shù)是目前國(guó)內(nèi)外普遍采用的一種水質(zhì)處理方法,它被廣泛用于制藥廢水預(yù)處理及后處理過(guò)程中,如硫酸鋁和聚合硫酸鐵等用于中藥廢水等。混凝處理的關(guān)鍵在于恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x擇和投加性能優(yōu)良的混凝劑。近年來(lái)混凝劑的發(fā)展方向是由低分子向聚合高分子發(fā)展,由成分功能單一型向復(fù)合型發(fā)展。

2)氣浮法氣浮法通常包括充氣氣浮、溶氣氣浮、化學(xué)氣浮和電解氣浮等多種形式。新昌制藥廠采用CAF渦凹氣浮裝置對(duì)制藥廢水進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,在適當(dāng)藥劑配合下,COD的平均去除率在百分之二十五左右。

3)吸附法常用的吸附劑有活性炭、活性煤、腐殖酸類、吸附樹脂等。某制藥廠采用煤灰吸附-兩級(jí)好氧生物處理工藝處理其廢水。結(jié)果顯示, 吸附預(yù)處理對(duì)廢水的COD去除率達(dá)百分之四十一點(diǎn)一,并提高了BOD5/COD值。

4)膜分離法膜技術(shù)包括反滲透納濾膜和纖維膜,可回收有用物質(zhì),減少有機(jī)物的排放總量。該技術(shù)的主要特點(diǎn)是設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單、操作方便、無(wú)相變及化學(xué)變化、處理效率高和節(jié)約能源。朱安娜等采用納濾膜對(duì)潔霉素廢水進(jìn)行分離實(shí)驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)既減少了廢水中潔霉素對(duì)微生物的控制作用,又可回收潔霉素。

5)電解法該法處理廢水具有易操作等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而得到人們的重視,同時(shí)電解法又有很好的脫色效果。李穎采用電解法預(yù)處理核黃素上清液,CODSS和色度的去除率均有提高

2化學(xué)處理化學(xué)法包括鐵炭法、化學(xué)氧化還原法(fenton試劑、H2O2O3)、深度氧化技術(shù)等。

1)鐵炭法工業(yè)運(yùn)行表明,以Fe-C作為制藥廢水的預(yù)處理步驟,其出水的可生化性可大大提高。采用鐵炭—微電解—厭氧—好氧—氣浮聯(lián)合處理工藝處理醫(yī)藥中間體生產(chǎn)廢水,鐵炭法處理后COD去除率達(dá)百分之二十,出水達(dá)到《污水綜合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB89781996)一 級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

2Fenton試劑處理法亞鐵鹽和H2O2的組合稱為Fenton試劑,它能有效去除傳統(tǒng)廢水處理技術(shù)無(wú)法去除的難降解有機(jī)物。隨著研究的深入,又把紫外光(UV)、草酸鹽(C2O4-)等引入Fenton試劑中,使其氧化能力大大加強(qiáng)。程滄滄等以TiO2為催化劑,9 W低壓汞燈為光源,用Fenton試劑對(duì)制藥廢水進(jìn)行處理,取得了高脫色率及高COD去除率的效果,且化合物從8.05 mg/L降至0.41 mg/L。采用該法能提高廢水的可生化性,同時(shí)對(duì)COD有較好的去除率。

3)氧化技術(shù)又稱氧化技術(shù)主要包括電化學(xué)氧化法、濕式氧化法、超臨界水氧化法、光催化氧化法和超聲降解法等。其中紫外光催化氧化技術(shù)具有新穎、對(duì)廢水無(wú)選擇性等優(yōu)點(diǎn),尤其適合于不飽合烴的降解,且反應(yīng)條件也比較溫和,無(wú)二次污染,具有很好的應(yīng)用前景。與紫外線、熱、壓力等處理方法相比,超聲波對(duì)有機(jī)物的處理更直接,對(duì)設(shè)備的要求更低,作為一種新型的處理方法,正受到越來(lái)越多的關(guān)注。

3生化處理生化處理技術(shù)是目前制藥廢水廣泛采用的處理技術(shù),包括好氧生物法、厭氧生物法、好氧-厭氧等組合方法。

1)好氧生物處理由于制藥廢水大多是高濃度有機(jī)廢水,進(jìn)行好氧生物處理時(shí)一般需對(duì)原液進(jìn)行稀釋,因此動(dòng)力消耗大,且廢水可生化性較差,很難直接生化處理后達(dá)標(biāo)排放,所以單獨(dú)使用好氧處理的不多,一般需進(jìn)行預(yù)處理。常用的好氧生物處理方法包括活性污泥法、深井曝氣法、吸附生物降解法(AB法)、接觸氧化法、序批式間歇活性污泥法(SBR法)、循環(huán)式活性污泥法(CASS法)等。

2)厭氧生物處理目前國(guó)內(nèi)外處理高濃度有機(jī)廢水主要是以厭氧法為主,但經(jīng)單獨(dú)的厭氧方法處理后出水COD仍較高,一般需要進(jìn)行后處理(如好氧生物處理)。目前仍需加強(qiáng)厭氧反應(yīng)器的開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)及進(jìn)行深入的運(yùn)行條件研究。在處理制藥廢水中應(yīng)用較成功的有厭氧污泥床(UASB)、厭氧復(fù)合床(UBF)、厭氧折流板反應(yīng)器(ABR)、水解法等。

3)厭氧-好氧及其他組合處理工藝由于單獨(dú)的好氧處理或厭氧處理往往不能滿足要求,而厭氧-好氧、水解酸化-好氧等組合工藝在改善廢水的可生化性、耐沖擊性、投資成本、處理效果等方面表現(xiàn)出了明顯優(yōu)于單一處理方法的性能,因而在工程實(shí)踐中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。


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