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化工企業(yè)儀表知識匯總(一)

2025-06-11  來自: 衡美水處理公眾平臺 瀏覽次數(shù):62

如何進行水處理

衡美水處理為您介紹一項水處理專業(yè)知識——化工企業(yè)儀表知識匯總

一章、檢測儀表(元件)及控制選型的一般原則


一、工藝過程的條件

工藝過程的溫度、壓力、流量、粘度、腐蝕性、毒性、脈動等因素是決定儀表選型的主要條件,它關(guān)系到儀表選用的合理性、儀表的使用壽命及車間的防火、防爆、保安等問題。


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二、操作上的重要性

各檢測點的參數(shù)在操作上的重要性是儀表的指示、記錄、積算、報警、控制、遙控等功能選定依據(jù)。

一般來說,對工藝過程影響不大,但需經(jīng)常監(jiān)視的變量,可選指示型;

對需要經(jīng)常了解變化趨勢的重要變量,應(yīng)選記錄式;

而一些對工藝過程影響較大的,又需隨時監(jiān)控的變量,應(yīng)設(shè)控制;

對關(guān)系到物料衡算和動力消耗而要求計量或經(jīng)濟核算的變量,宜設(shè)積算;

一些可能影響生產(chǎn)或安全的變量,宜設(shè)報警。

三、經(jīng)濟性和統(tǒng)一性

儀表的選型也決定于投資的規(guī)模,應(yīng)在滿足工藝和自控的要求前提下,進行必要的經(jīng)濟核算,取得適宜的性能/價格比。

為便于儀表的維修和管理,在選型時也要注意到儀表的統(tǒng)一性。盡量選用同一系列、同一規(guī)格型號及同一生產(chǎn)廠家的產(chǎn)品。

四、儀表的使用和供應(yīng)情況

選用的儀表應(yīng)是較為成熟的產(chǎn)品,經(jīng)現(xiàn)場使用證明性能可靠的;同時要注意到選用的儀表應(yīng)當(dāng)是貨源供應(yīng)充沛,不會影響工程施工進度。

二章、溫度儀表的選型

一、一般原則

1單位及標(biāo)度(刻度)

溫度儀表的標(biāo)度(刻度)單位,統(tǒng)一采用攝氏溫度(℃)。

2檢出(測)元件插入長度

插入長度的選擇應(yīng)以檢出(測)元件插至被測介質(zhì)溫度變化靈敏具有代表性的位置為原則。但在一般情況下,為了便于互換,往往整個裝置統(tǒng)一選擇一至二擋長度。

在煙道、爐膛及帶絕熱材料砌體設(shè)備安裝時,應(yīng)按實際需要選用。

檢出(測)元件保護套材質(zhì)不應(yīng)低于設(shè)備或管道材質(zhì)。如定型產(chǎn)品保護套太薄或不耐腐蝕(如鎧裝熱電偶),應(yīng)另加保護套管。

安裝在易燃易爆場所的就地帶電接點的溫度儀表、溫度開關(guān)、溫度檢出(測)元件和變送器等,應(yīng)選用防爆型。

二、就地溫度儀表的選型

1 確度等級

一般工業(yè)用溫度計:選用1.5級或1級。

密測量和實驗室用溫度計:應(yīng)選用0.5級或0.25級。

2測量范圍

測量值上限不大于儀表測量范圍上限值的90%,正常測量值在儀表測量范圍上限值的12左右。

壓力式溫度計測量值應(yīng)在儀表測量范圍上限值的1234之間。

3雙金屬溫度計

在滿足測量范圍、工作壓力和 度的要求時,應(yīng)優(yōu)先選用。

表殼直徑一般選用φ100mm,在照明條件較差、位置較高及觀察距離較遠的場所,應(yīng)選用φ150mm

儀表外殼與保護管連接方式,一般應(yīng)選用萬向式,也可以按照觀測方便的原則選用軸向式或徑向式。

4壓力式溫度計

適用于-80℃以下低溫、無法近距離觀察、有振動及 度要求不高的就地或就地盤顯示。

5玻璃溫度計

僅用于測量 度較高、振動較小、無機械損傷、觀察方便的特殊場合。但是,由于汞害,不宜使用玻璃水銀溫度計。

6基地式儀表

就地或就地盤裝測量、控制(調(diào)節(jié))儀表,宜選用基地式溫度儀表。

7溫度開關(guān)

適用于溫度測量需要接點訊號輸出的場合。


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三、集中溫度儀表的選型

1檢出(測)元件

1根據(jù)溫度測量范圍,選用相應(yīng)分度號的熱電偶、熱電阻或熱敏電阻。

2熱電偶適用于一般場合。熱電阻適用于無振動場合。熱敏電阻適用于要求測量反應(yīng)速度快的場合。

3根據(jù)測量對象對響應(yīng)速度的要求,可選用下列時間常數(shù)的檢出(測)元件:

熱電偶:600s100s20s三級;

熱電阻:90180s3090s1030s和<10s四級;

熱敏電阻:<1s

4根據(jù)使用環(huán)境條件,按下列原則選用接線盒:

普通式:條件較好的場所;

防濺式、防水式:潮濕或露天的場所;

隔爆式:易燃、易爆的場所;

插座式:僅適用于特殊場合。

5)一般情況可選用螺紋連接方式,對下列場合應(yīng)選用法蘭連接方式:

在設(shè)備、襯里管道和有色金屬管道上安裝;

結(jié)晶、結(jié)疤、堵塞和強腐蝕性介質(zhì):

易燃、易爆和劇毒介質(zhì)。

6)在特殊場合下使用的熱電偶、熱電阻:

溫度高于870℃、氫含量大于5%的還原性氣體、惰性氣體及真空場合,選用鎢錸熱電偶或吹氣熱電偶;

設(shè)備、管道外壁和轉(zhuǎn)體表面溫度,選用表面或鎧裝熱電偶、熱電阻;

含堅硬固體顆粒介質(zhì),選用耐磨熱電偶;

在同一個檢出(測)元件保護套管中,要求多點測溫時,選用多點(支)熱電偶;

為了節(jié)省特殊保護管材料(如鉭),提高響應(yīng)速度或要求檢出(測)元件彎曲安裝時,可選用鎧裝熱電偶。

2變送器

與接受標(biāo)準(zhǔn)信號顯示儀表配套的測量或控制系統(tǒng),選用變送器。

在滿足設(shè)計要求的情況下,應(yīng)選用測量和變送一體化的變送器。

3顯示儀表

1)單點顯示選用一般指示儀,多點顯示宜選用數(shù)字式指示儀,要求查閱歷史數(shù)據(jù)的,宜選用一般記錄儀。

2)信號報警系統(tǒng),宜選用帶接點訊號輸出的指示儀或記錄儀。

3)多點記錄宜選用中型記錄儀(如30點記錄儀)。

4附屬設(shè)備的選型

1)當(dāng)多點共用一臺顯示儀表時,應(yīng)選用質(zhì)量可靠的切換開關(guān)。

2)采用熱電偶測量1600℃以下的溫度,當(dāng)冷端溫度變化使測量系統(tǒng)不能滿足 度要求,而配套顯示儀表又無冷端溫度自動補償功能時,應(yīng)選用冷端溫度自動補償器。

3)補償導(dǎo)線

A根據(jù)熱電偶的支數(shù)、分度號和使用環(huán)境條件,應(yīng)選用符合要求的補償導(dǎo)線或補償電纜。

B按使用環(huán)境溫度選用不同級別補償導(dǎo)線或補償電纜:

20~+100℃選用普通級;

40~+250℃選用耐熱級。

C有間斷電加熱或強電、磁場的場所,應(yīng)選用屏蔽補償導(dǎo)線或屏蔽補償電纜。

D補償導(dǎo)線的截面積,應(yīng)按其敷設(shè)長度的往復(fù)電阻值,以及配套顯示儀表、變送器或計算機接口允許輸入外部電阻來確定。


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