中文字幕理伦午夜福利片_成人黄色在线免费观看_欧美黑人巨大videos极品_国产精品无码久久久久久_少妇人妻真实偷人精品视频_av在线高清观看_欧美黑人狂躁日本寡妇_国产精品久久久久久久久久免费看_大伊香蕉精品视频在线天堂_国产成人av片在线观看_av中文字幕不卡_丰满少妇大力进入av_亚洲欧美国产免费综合视频_玩弄人妻奶水无码av在线_精品无码一区二区三区电影_欧美丰满一区二区免费视频_国产亚洲欧洲综合5388_人人妻人人添人人爽日韩欧美_无码日韩人妻av一区免费_欧美激情网站

隔油池的方法與設計

2019-12-02  來自: 衡美水處理公眾平臺 瀏覽次數:1194


如何進行水處理

衡美水處理為您介紹一種經久耐用、性能優越的水處理設備—— 隔油池,并向您詳細介紹隔油池的使用方法設計方案

隔油池

煉油廢水一般都是以含油廢水為主,隔油是處理含油廢水的必要步驟,隔油的設備很多,可以根據含油廢水的性質不同選擇不同的隔油設備,而隔油池是處理煉油廠排放的含油廢水的主要構筑物。隔油池是分離廢水中的浮油及泥沙的構筑物,它是利用油于水之間的密度差異進行油水分離的。隔油池也是用上浮方法去除廢水中相對密度小于1的浮油的構筑物。

隨著社會經濟的發展和人口的不斷增加,水資源的短缺已經成為目前人類社會面臨的一個很嚴重的環境問題,甚至是未來人的生存為題。我國的缺水形勢更為嚴重,人均水資源占有量僅相當于世界人均占有量的1/4。同時水環境污染日益嚴重,特別是工業水污染對水環境的污染尤為嚴重,隨著工業的發展,工業水的處理迫在眉睫。

水體的污染破壞了生態環境的平衡,違背了社會的可持續發展規律,影響了人們的正常生活。水體污染的來源廣泛,污染物種類繁多,其中,含油廢水是水體污染的主要來源。油類漂浮于水體表面,阻止空氣中的氧溶解在水中,導致水體溶解氧缺乏,水生生物死亡,妨礙水生植物的光和作用,甚至水質變臭,水體生態平衡被破壞,破壞水資源的利用價值。

因此,含油污水***經過適當的處理后才可排放。隨著石油、機械、冶煉、交通等行業設迅速發展,含油廢水的排放量不斷增大,對環境的威脅也越來越大。因此,含有廢水的處理是保護水資源,防治水污染,改善水環境的必不可少的重要一環。煉油廢水是含油廢水的主要來源,因此,凈化處理煉油廢水是防治油類污染的關鍵。

含油廢水的處理方法很多,處理設備類型也多種多樣,可以根據含油種類的不同選擇不同的處理方法及設備。目前,處理煉油廠排出的含油廢水多采用隔油池進行隔油,隔油池是利用油水間的密度差異,利用重力進行油水分離的,是處理含油廢水的主要構筑物,它廣泛的應用與全國各大煉油廠的水處理工藝中,對去除煉油廢水中的油類起到了相當重要的作用。

設計中介紹了含油廢水的幾種處理方法,并進行了比較,選定采用平流式隔油池設計處理煉油廢水。設計中計算了隔油池的尺寸。

一、隔油池的類型及特征

隔油池的種類很多,按照其構造和除油原理的不同可以分為平流式隔油池,斜板式隔油池,斜管式隔油池,下水道式隔油池,排洪溝 式隔油池,吸油插板式隔油池、隔油井、壓力差自動配撇油裝置、***隔油器等。目前,國內外普遍采用的是普通平流隔油池和斜板斜管隔油池。

1、平流式隔油池(API)

平流式隔油池由池體,刮油刮泥機和集油管等幾部分組成,普通平流隔油池的構造如圖3所示。廢水從一端進入,從另一端流出,由于池內水平流速很小,相對密度小于1.0而粒徑較大的油品雜質在浮力的作用下上浮,并且,聚集在池的表面,通過設在池表面的集油管和刮油機收集浮油。而相對密度大于1.0的雜質沉于池底。

集油管設于出水口一側的水面上。集油管一般直徑為200-300mm的鋼管制成。沿管的長度在管壁的一側開有切口,其寬度一般是對應中心角為60°,集油管可以繞管軸轉動,由螺桿控制。平時切口向上并位于水面以上,當水面浮油達到既定厚度時(一般不大于0.25m),轉動集油管,使切口浸入水面油層一下,浮油即自行進入管內,并沿集油管流向池外。

刮油機通常是由鏈條或鋼絲繩牽引的。在用鏈條牽引時,隔油機在池面上起刮油作用,將浮油刮向池的末端;而在池的底部可以起刮泥機作用,將下沉的油泥刮向池出口端的泥斗中,通過排泥管適時排出,排泥管一般直徑為200mm,池底向污泥斗的坡度為0.01-0.02,污泥斗深度一般為0.5m,底寬不小于0.4m,傾面傾角不小于45°-60°。隔油池的進水一端一般采用穿孔墻進水,出水端采用溢流堰。

由于受到刮油機規格的限制,隔油池的每格間的寬度一般為6.0,4.5,3.0,2.5,2.0幾種。這種隔油池的優點是構造簡單,這種隔油池占地面積大,停留時間長(1.5-2h),水平流速為2-5mm/s。由于操作維護容易,運行管理方便,除油效果穩定,因此應用比較廣泛;缺點是池的容積較大,排泥困難,其可能取出的粒徑下限為100-150μm。

2、斜板斜管隔油池

根據淺層理論,隔油池也有采用斜板斜管式的,斜板(斜管)隔油池由進水管,布水設施,斜板(斜管)組,出水管和集油管等幾部分組成。其構造如圖3所示。池內放置聚酯玻璃鋼制斜板,傾斜角度不小于45°,板間距為20-50mm,斜板有平板和波紋板等形式。斜板采用異向流形式,廢水流由上而下流經斜板,而油珠則逆水而上浮,所以屬于逆向流。在波紋板內分離出來的油粒沿波紋板的峰頂向上浮,上浮的油流出斜板(斜管)后在水面形成油膜,經集油管排走。而泥渣則沉入峰底,滑落到池底。

由于設置了隔板,提高了單位池容積的分離表面,斜板間水流成層流狀態,雷諾數小于2000,所以油水分離效果較好,并且,廢水在池內的停留時間短,一般為30min,僅為平流式隔油池的四分之一到二分之一,因此,容積和占地面積大大的減少(比平流式隔油池少三分之二)。而且除油效果大大提高,實驗證明,這種隔油池能夠分離的粒徑為60μm的油珠,(平流式隔油池能夠分離100-150μm的油珠)。用斜板隔油池處理煉油廠的污水時,表面負荷為0.6-0.8m3/(m2h),出水含油量可控制在50mg/L以內。

斜板式隔油池又分為平行板式隔油池(PPI)和波紋板式隔油池(CPI)。

平流式隔油池稍加改進,即在其池內安裝許多傾斜的平衡板,便成了平行板隔油池。斜板間距為10cm。這種隔油池的特點是油水分離迅速,占地面積小(只有平流式隔油池的二分之一),但是結構復雜維護清理較困難。

波紋斜板隔油池是平行板隔油池的改進型。它將平行板改成波紋斜板,板間距為2-4 cm傾斜角為45°,水流沿板面向下,油滴沿板下表面向上,匯集于集油區,用集油管排出,處理水從溢流堰排出。這種隔油池的效率高,停留時間僅30min左右,占地面積小,只有平行板隔油池的三分之二。

這兩種設備與平流隔油池不同之處在于分離槽中安置了傾斜板,可以有效地減少油珠垂直上升的距離,使油珠在傾斜板下表面聚集成較大的油滴。波形斜板隔油池和平流隔油池相比有明顯的優點:其占地面積僅有平流隔油池的15%-20%,甚至費用也較低。使用過兩類(平流和斜板)隔油池的一家大型煉廠的經驗表明,較小的尺寸不利于油滴的粗粒化,且破乳的停留時間較少,有時還會導致斜板的嚴重污染。 斜管斜板式隔油池與平流式隔油池相比較,它們的優點是污水停留時間短,池體容積小,占地面積小,能夠去除的油滴的粒徑較小,處理效率高。目前我國的一些新建的含油廢水處理站,多采用這種形式的隔油池,選擇斜板材料應耐腐蝕、不沾油、光潔度好。池內應設置清洗斜板的設施。

3、小型隔油池

小型隔油池在池子的上部設置了一塊坡度為1/10的蜜蜂受壓蓋板,在金水的沖力和油滴的浮力的雙重作用下,廢水中的油滴沿斜板向上匯集到集油口并自動排入貯油槽。為使隔油池在冬天也能正常工作,池中還增加蒸汽加熱裝置,將油溫控制在18℃左右。北京鐵路局豐臺機務段的使用實踐說明,這種隔油池具有結構簡單,投資少,管理方便,凈化效率高等特點。隔油效果可與國外其它各類隔油池相媲美,撇除有含水率小于3%。

4、吸油板式隔油池

該種隔油池利用吸油氈的疏水親油特性,制作具有吸油、隔油雙重作用的隔板,將其插在隔油池中間代替普通隔油墻,使水中顆粒較小的油珠也能除去,使隔油池出口水中的油濃度基本達到規定要求由于擋板上已設置了粗粒化吸油材料,水中的油珠遇到它們受吸附捕捉后也會被除去。這樣,吸油擋板7的作用就相當于增加了隔油池油水分離的有效工作長度,使本來不能上升至水面除去的細小油珠因能受到吸附捕捉也可除去,從而提高了隔油池的分離效率。

吸油板式隔油池可以比普通隔油池少占用土地面積,如果注意防止表面活性劑對廢油水的干擾,治理工廠油品的“跑”、冒”、“滴”、“漏” 所造成的油污染是有明顯效果的。由于制作簡便、投資省、因地制宜,尤其適用于一些中小型老企業。

5、下水道式隔油池

將工廠每個車間內排水首先匯集至一個窨井,再通過水管道與工廠內總排水管網上的瞽井相連接 有時總排水管網上有數個窨作為匯流節點,二個窨井之間的下水管道一般有十兒米、幾十米,這些長長的下水管道具有相當可觀的過水表面積,對于提高朽水油滴的上浮分離能力有很大的作用。把這些排水管道稍加改變利用,就可以成為距離長度很長的“隔油池 了。改造的方法是在下水管道的上游害井內,下水管道口前設置一塊布水穿孔板,使進入管道內的污水能均勻穩定分布,而在下游窨井內,下水管道口前方設置擋水板和隔油、吸油板。

下水道式隔油池在近10年才有一些應用,而且,范圍不很廣泛, 一般不應用于處理煉油廢水。

6、排洪溝隔油池

即在排洪溝上砌筑長25m的簡易隔油池,起到除油作用。為了完全發揮其作用.可把隔油池由一級改為二級,使隔油池的達標率達到約95%。為延長其使用周期,可以將池壁增加了玻璃鋼防腐層。

7、***隔油器

這種除油器中安裝了鋁制波形填料.對水中含油具有聚結作用,可使油粒變大,從而增加浮升速度,提高除油率.池面還安裝了可調節標高的集油管,污油可自流入污油池中,然后用車吸走。

隔油池

二、 設計部分

1、設計方案的選擇

目前,在我國的煉油廢水處理工藝中,一般應用平流式隔油池和斜板斜管式隔油池,其中以平流式隔油池為主,因為這種隔油池構造簡單,運行管理方便,維護容易,除有效果穩定,重力隔油池對去除降脂和非乳化油有相同的效果,煉油廠廢水處理的標準設備是平流式隔油池。它是根據美國石油協會的API制定的定定性標準而設計的。本設計方案處理煉油廠含油廢水采用平流是隔油池。

2、平流隔油池設計中常用的數據和措施

1)停留時間T,一般采用1.5-2h;

2)水平流速v,一般采用2-5mm/s;

3) 隔油池每格寬度B采用2m,2.5m,3m,4.5m,6m。當采 用人工清除浮油時,每格寬≤3m。國內各大煉廠一般采用4.5m,且已有定型設計。

4)隔油池超高,一般不小于0.4m,工作水深為h2為1.5-2.0m。 人工排泥時,池深應包括污泥層厚度。

5)隔油池尺寸比例:單格長寬比(L/B)≧4,深寬比(h2/B)≧0.4。

6)刮板間距不小于4m,高度150-200mm,移動速度0.01m/s

7)在隔油池的出口處及進水間浮油聚集,對大型隔油池可設集 油管收集和排除。集油管管徑為200-300mm,縱縫開度為60°,管軸線在水平面下0-50mm,小型池裝有集油環。

8)采用機械刮泥時,集泥坑深度一般采用0.5m,底寬不小于 0.4m,側面傾角為45°-60°。

9)池底坡度i,當人工排泥時池底坡度為0.01-0.02,坡向集 泥坑;機械刮泥時,采用平底,即i=0。

10) 隔油池水面以上的油層厚度不大于0.25m。

11) 隔油池的除油效率一般在 60%以上,出水含油量為 100-200mg/L。若后續浮選法,出水含油量小于50mg/L。

12) 為了安全,防火、防寒、防風沙,隔油池可設活動蓋板。

13) 在寒冷地區,集油管內應設有直徑為25mm的加熱管,隔油池內也可設蒸汽加熱管。

3、結論

煉油廠排出的含油廢水量大,很好的處理含油廢水,進行污油回收,凈化水會用可以增加環境效益,社會效益和經濟效益。

通過用平流式隔油池處理煉油廢水的設計了解到含油廢水處理的方法及特點,隔油構筑物的分類及比較。隔油池是去除含油廢水中的油的主要構筑物,廣泛的應用與全國各大煉油廠的含油廢水處理工藝。隔油池的種類很多,其中,平流式隔油池和斜板式隔油池是常用的除油裝置,而與斜板式隔油池相比較

平流式隔油池具有結構簡單,除有效果穩定等優點,平流式隔油池是處理含油廢水的標準構筑物,且已有美國石油協會指定的API定性標準,所以,綜合比較選用設計平流式隔油池處理廢水。但是,平流式隔油池存在占地面積大,隔油效率低,池底污泥難處理等不足,在以后的工作中還有待提高和改進。

隔油池

衡美水處理專注水處理設備生產研發十五年,為您量身定制水處理解決方案

衡水市衡美水處理設備有限公司,專營 淺層砂過濾器 過濾器 全自動加藥裝置 原水處理設備 等業務,有意向的客戶請咨詢我們,聯系電話:0318-2987119

CopyRight ? 版權所有: 衡水市衡美水處理設備有限公司 技術支持:衡水航宇 網站地圖 XML

本站關鍵字: 反滲透設備


掃一掃訪問移動端
主站蜘蛛池模板: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |