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反滲透技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)分析

2025-01-16  來(lái)自: 衡美水處理公眾平臺(tái) 瀏覽次數(shù):132

如何進(jìn)行水處理

衡美水處理為您介紹一項(xiàng)水處理專業(yè)知識(shí)——反滲透技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)分析

一、反滲透技術(shù)綜述

反滲透又稱逆滲透,是一種以壓力差為推動(dòng)力,從溶液中分離出溶劑的膜分離操作。對(duì)膜一側(cè)的料液施加壓力,當(dāng)壓力超過(guò)它的滲透壓時(shí),溶劑會(huì)逆著自然滲透的方向作反向滲透。從而在膜的低壓側(cè)得到透過(guò)的溶劑,即滲透液;高壓側(cè)得到濃縮的溶液,即濃縮液。若用反滲透處理海水,在膜的低壓側(cè)得到淡水,在高壓側(cè)得到鹵水。


反滲透技術(shù)


反滲透通常使用非對(duì)稱膜和復(fù)合膜。反滲透所用的設(shè)備,主要是中空纖維式或卷式的膜分離設(shè)備。

反滲透膜能截留水中的各種無(wú)機(jī)離子、膠體物質(zhì)和大分子溶質(zhì),從而取得凈制的水。也可用于大分子有機(jī)物溶液的預(yù)濃縮。由于反滲透過(guò)程簡(jiǎn)單,能耗低,近20年來(lái)得到迅速發(fā)展。現(xiàn)已大規(guī)模應(yīng)用于海水和苦咸水(見鹵水)淡化、鍋爐用水軟化和廢水處理,并與離子交換結(jié)合制取高純水,其應(yīng)用范圍正在擴(kuò)大,已開始用于乳品、果汁的濃縮以及生化和生物制劑的分離和濃縮方面。

反滲透技術(shù)通常用于海水、苦咸水的淡水;水的軟化處理;廢水處理以及食品、醫(yī)藥工業(yè)、化學(xué)工業(yè)的提純、濃縮、分離等方面。此外,反滲透技術(shù)應(yīng)用于預(yù)除鹽處理也取得較好的效果,能夠使離子交換樹脂的負(fù)荷減輕松90%以上,樹脂的再生劑用量也可減少90%。因此,不僅節(jié)約費(fèi)用,而且還有利于環(huán)境保護(hù)。反滲透技術(shù)還可用于除于水中的微粒、有機(jī)物質(zhì)、膠體物,對(duì)減輕離子交換樹脂的污染,延長(zhǎng)使用壽命都有著良好的作用

二、反滲透技術(shù)優(yōu)點(diǎn)

1、顯著的分離效果

1脫鹽能力強(qiáng)

能夠有效地去除水中的溶解鹽類,如氯化鈉、硫酸鎂等各種鹽分。單支反滲透膜的脫鹽率可達(dá)99%以上,一 級(jí)反滲透系統(tǒng)脫鹽率可穩(wěn)定在90%以上,二級(jí)反滲透系統(tǒng)脫鹽率可穩(wěn)定在98%以上,這對(duì)于生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量的純水,尤其是在海水淡化、高含鹽量的苦咸水淡化以及對(duì)水質(zhì)要求高的電子工業(yè)用水處理等方面具有重要意義。

2)可去除多種雜質(zhì)

不僅可以去除鹽類,還能去除水中的膠體、有機(jī)物、細(xì)菌、病毒等雜質(zhì)。例如,在制藥行業(yè)中,反滲透技術(shù)可以有效去除水中的微生物和熱源物質(zhì),確保藥品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中使用的水符合嚴(yán)格的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

2良好的水質(zhì)穩(wěn)定性

1不受原水水質(zhì)波動(dòng)影響

對(duì)原水水質(zhì)的變化具有較強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性,無(wú)論是地表水、地下水還是海水等不同水源,只要經(jīng)過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)?a href="/Article-detail-id-2381912.html" title="預(yù)處理">預(yù)處理,反滲透系統(tǒng)都能穩(wěn)定地生產(chǎn)出高質(zhì)量的純水。即使原水水質(zhì)波動(dòng),反滲透系統(tǒng)仍能保持較好的處理效果。

2出水水質(zhì)可靠

能夠持續(xù)穩(wěn)定地提供符合特定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的高質(zhì)量純水,保障了后續(xù)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程或使用環(huán)節(jié)對(duì)水質(zhì)的要求,避免了因水質(zhì)不穩(wěn)定而對(duì)生產(chǎn)設(shè)備、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量或人體健康造成的不良影響。


反滲透技術(shù)


3節(jié)能

1運(yùn)行壓力相對(duì)較低

與其他一些膜分離技術(shù)或傳統(tǒng)的水處理方法相比,反滲透技術(shù)在較低的操作壓力下就能實(shí)現(xiàn)較好的分離效果,從而降低了對(duì)設(shè)備耐壓性能的要求,減少了設(shè)備的投資成本和運(yùn)行能耗。

2能源利用效率高

該技術(shù)主要依靠壓力差作為推動(dòng)力,不需要額外的化學(xué)藥劑或高溫、高壓等特殊條件,在常溫下即可運(yùn)行,因此能源消耗主要集中在提供壓力的泵等設(shè)備上,整體能源利用效率較高。與蒸發(fā)等傳統(tǒng)的水分離技術(shù)相比,反滲透技術(shù)去除單位水所需的能量更少,在能源成本日益上漲的背景下具有顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)

4設(shè)備緊湊、占地面積小

反滲透系統(tǒng)的設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,通常采用模塊化設(shè)計(jì),可以根據(jù)不同的處理規(guī)模和水質(zhì)要求進(jìn)行靈活組合和安裝。相比傳統(tǒng)的水處理工藝,如沉淀、過(guò)濾、離子交換等需要較大的設(shè)備空間和占地面積,反滲透系統(tǒng)能夠有效節(jié)省空間,尤其適用于場(chǎng)地有限的場(chǎng)所,如城市中的高層建筑、工業(yè)廠房等。

5操作簡(jiǎn)單、維護(hù)方便

1自動(dòng)化程度高

配備自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng),能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)自動(dòng)運(yùn)行、監(jiān)控和報(bào)警等功能,操作人員只需進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的培訓(xùn)即可掌握設(shè)備的操作和維護(hù)方法,降低了對(duì)操作人員的技術(shù)要求和勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。

2維護(hù)工作量小

反滲透膜的使用壽命較長(zhǎng),一般在3-5 年以上,且日常維護(hù)主要集中在定期清洗更換濾芯等簡(jiǎn)單操作,維護(hù)成本相對(duì)較低。同時(shí),系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定性高,故障發(fā)生率低,減少了設(shè)備的停機(jī)時(shí)間和維修成本。

6環(huán)境友好

1無(wú)化學(xué)藥劑添加

在處理過(guò)程中不需要添加大量的化學(xué)藥劑,如絮凝劑、沉淀劑等,避免了因化學(xué)藥劑的使用而產(chǎn)生的二次污染問(wèn)題,對(duì)環(huán)境更加友好。

2廢水排放少

與傳統(tǒng)的水處理方法相比,反滲透技術(shù)能夠更有效地回收水資源,減少?gòu)U水的排放。對(duì)于一些水資源短缺或?qū)U水排放要求嚴(yán)格的地區(qū),反滲透技術(shù)具有重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。

三、反滲透技術(shù)的缺點(diǎn)

1、反滲透出水過(guò)于純凈,人體常年飲用反滲透水易造成體內(nèi)礦物質(zhì)流失,尤其是人體鈣離子流失,導(dǎo)致骨質(zhì)疏松。不過(guò)這也是不必?fù)?dān)心的,生活中可從食物中補(bǔ)取的。

2、反滲透技術(shù)一般經(jīng)過(guò)五級(jí)過(guò)濾:5微米PP棉、活性炭過(guò)濾、1微米PP棉、反滲透膜、T33活性炭柱),反滲透膜依據(jù)水質(zhì)情況要定期更換,一般可用1-2年,反滲透膜前3級(jí)過(guò)濾材料需要經(jīng)常更換,一般為3-6個(gè)月。

3、廢水量大,同時(shí)需要用電,而且安裝相對(duì)復(fù)雜麻煩,由于純水機(jī)采用多級(jí)過(guò)濾方式,所以輔助濾芯更換頻繁,造成成本升高的同時(shí),也容易滋生二次污染的隱患。反滲透凈水機(jī)要用到水泵,需要通電,有電氣安全問(wèn)題,接頭多,水壓高,故障率及漏水概率相對(duì)較高,結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,價(jià)格成本較高。

四、反滲透技術(shù)運(yùn)用注意事項(xiàng)

反滲透膜的水解易造成反滲透裝置的性能惡化,為此須嚴(yán)格控制水的PH值,給水PH值在3-11范圍內(nèi),若把FI值超標(biāo)的水供給反滲透裝置作為給水,在膜組件的表面將附著污垢,這樣須通過(guò)清洗來(lái)去除污垢。

當(dāng)注入的次氯酸鈉量不足而使給水中的游離氯不能測(cè)出時(shí),在反滲透裝置的膜組件上會(huì)有黏泥發(fā)生,反滲透裝置的壓差將大,但對(duì)于聚酰胺膜來(lái)講,須嚴(yán)格控制進(jìn)入膜組件的游離氯量,超過(guò)規(guī)定值將導(dǎo)致膜的氧化分解


反滲透技術(shù)


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