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城市黑臭水體成因與防治技術(shù)政策分析 (下)

2022-08-27  來(lái)自: 中國(guó)水網(wǎng) 瀏覽次數(shù):463

第 二章 典型黑臭水體治理案例介紹

一、南明河處理案例

在落實(shí)“水十條”解決黑臭水體及水環(huán)境綜合利用的道路上,有很多困難等待政企雙方共謀解決之道。


城市黑臭水體


為此,E20環(huán)境平臺(tái)于730日,舉辦了第57期環(huán)境戰(zhàn)略沙龍,邀請(qǐng)業(yè)內(nèi)專(zhuān)家、企業(yè)家就“水十條之黑臭水體治理如何落地”進(jìn)行思想碰撞。沙龍中,業(yè)內(nèi)人士就黑臭水體治理提出了多點(diǎn)問(wèn)題與困惑,同時(shí),多家企業(yè)代表表示,自身對(duì)流域治理也做了一些模式、技術(shù)等方面的探索,北控、阿凡柯達(dá)、中國(guó)水環(huán)境集團(tuán)、環(huán)能科技等企業(yè)對(duì)自己參與的河道治理項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行了分享與解析。本文選取中國(guó)水環(huán)境集團(tuán)的貴陽(yáng)市南明河水環(huán)境綜合整治項(xiàng)目作簡(jiǎn)要介紹。

1、項(xiàng)目背景

南明河發(fā)源于貴州省安順市平壩縣林卡鄉(xiāng)白泥田,全長(zhǎng)118 km,流域面積6600 km2,自西向東貫穿貴陽(yáng)市區(qū),是貴陽(yáng)市人民的母親河。由于貴陽(yáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展,南明河流域人口大幅增加,南明河不堪重負(fù),污染狀況觸目驚心:沿河兩岸近百個(gè)生活污水和工業(yè)企業(yè)排污口,每天向河中傾瀉大量生活污水工業(yè)廢水;沿岸到處是生活垃圾,破舊的棚戶(hù)區(qū)遍布河道兩岸;河水水質(zhì)嚴(yán)重惡化,進(jìn)入市區(qū)的河段已下降為劣V類(lèi)水體。

2、項(xiàng)目概況

本著政府主 導(dǎo)、全民參與、機(jī)制創(chuàng)新、科技支撐、依法治理、長(zhǎng)治久清的治理宗旨,中國(guó)水環(huán)境集團(tuán)分析現(xiàn)有問(wèn)題,擬采取截污、清污、治污、補(bǔ)水等手段,結(jié)合城市經(jīng)濟(jì)、生態(tài)、景觀(guān)、文化,開(kāi)展治理。南明河水環(huán)境綜合整治項(xiàng)目分二期進(jìn)行。一期項(xiàng)目從2012年開(kāi)始,總投資約11.67億元,從外源控制、內(nèi)源控制、生態(tài)恢復(fù)、臭氣治理四個(gè)方面出發(fā),通過(guò)截污完善、清淤疏浚等救急措施,基本消除了南明河干流的黑臭問(wèn)題。

二期項(xiàng)目又分為兩個(gè)階段,一階段建設(shè)時(shí)間為20147~20156月,投資金額21.52億,其治理方案經(jīng)市政府、省環(huán)保廳、省住建廳、省科技廳組織的三部委水環(huán)境治理專(zhuān)家論證;二階段建設(shè)時(shí)間為2015.7~2016.6,投資金額為16.27億。二期項(xiàng)目的部分內(nèi)容是一期的延續(xù),包括河道清淤、支流的水環(huán)境治理、污泥和生態(tài)治理等。截污系統(tǒng)完善方面包括干流截污溝改造,干流截污管改造,新莊二期污水廠(chǎng)配套截污溝建設(shè),小黃河、麻堤河、市西河、貫城河支流截污系統(tǒng)完善;清淤工作包括干流清淤、小黃河清淤、麻堤河清淤、貫城河清淤、市西河清淤。另有部分內(nèi)容則是爭(zhēng)取的創(chuàng)新之舉:在二期污水廠(chǎng)建設(shè)方面,按照當(dāng)時(shí)貴陽(yáng)市規(guī)劃的要求,是在南明河下游規(guī)劃建設(shè)集中式大型污水處理廠(chǎng)(規(guī)模40萬(wàn)噸左右),然而,經(jīng)過(guò)充分的調(diào)研分析,中國(guó)水環(huán)境集團(tuán)建議在沿河修建十來(lái)個(gè)5萬(wàn)噸規(guī)模的污水廠(chǎng),統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃、就地處理、就地排放。結(jié)合沿河污水收集系統(tǒng)、建廠(chǎng)費(fèi)用及中水回用投資進(jìn)行成本計(jì)算,可為市政府節(jié)約了十幾億的投資成本。

3、治理效果

二期一階段項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容實(shí)施后,南明河干流水質(zhì)較一期竣工時(shí)有大幅提升,藻類(lèi)和水生植物都得到一些恢復(fù),各斷面COD濃度基本達(dá)到地表水III類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn);大部分?jǐn)嗝?a href="/Article-detail-id-3039807.html" title="氨氮">氨氮指標(biāo)達(dá)到IV類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn);總磷指標(biāo)基本接近IV類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此外,在二期項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過(guò)程當(dāng)中,工程項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量還經(jīng)受了暴雨的考驗(yàn),為貴陽(yáng)市防洪抗災(zāi)發(fā)揮了重要作用。目前,南明河項(xiàng)目已列入財(cái)政部推行的PPP的示范目錄,曾在住建部舉辦的經(jīng)驗(yàn)交流會(huì)上作為典型案例進(jìn)行介紹,業(yè)內(nèi)專(zhuān)家和政府部門(mén)經(jīng)過(guò)考察以后,也給予了高度的評(píng)價(jià)。

4、經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)

中國(guó)水環(huán)境集團(tuán)總經(jīng)理李濤總結(jié),南明河之所以能成為流域治理領(lǐng)域的PPP示范案例,要?dú)w功于兩個(gè)重要原因:一是和政府達(dá)成了責(zé)權(quán)分明的職責(zé)劃分,政府做好裁判員,企業(yè)盡職做好運(yùn)動(dòng)員,為推動(dòng)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行提供了便利。二是在交易結(jié)構(gòu)上有所創(chuàng)新,我們與政府共同設(shè)計(jì)了交易模式,即在BT模式中加入BOTTOT模式,形成了全新的交易結(jié)構(gòu),為保障項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行效率奠定了基礎(chǔ)。


城市黑臭水體

二、典型黑臭水體治理案例:北控洛河水環(huán)境治理項(xiàng)目

項(xiàng)目基本情況:20148月,洛陽(yáng)市政府確定啟動(dòng)新一輪洛河市區(qū)段32公里水系綜合治理和改造提升工程,旨在提升洛河兩岸的景觀(guān)環(huán)境,打造“華夏文明河”的全新理念。前期啟動(dòng)的示范區(qū)包括洛陽(yáng)橋至李樓橋洛河5.5公里段,瀍河至上游5.2公里段,內(nèi)容涉及多個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)及景觀(guān)核心區(qū)域。

治理模式:洛河水環(huán)境治理項(xiàng)目采用PPP模式,洛陽(yáng)市政府將存量污水處理資產(chǎn)(55萬(wàn)噸/日)與北控水務(wù)成立合資公司,北控水務(wù)以現(xiàn)金形式出資,占合資公司七成股份。合資公司得到市政府授予的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán),并將負(fù)責(zé)投資新建污水處理設(shè)施(35萬(wàn)噸/日)。同時(shí),北控水務(wù)還負(fù)責(zé)洛河水系綜合治理工程投資(一期10億元)和故縣引水工程投資(17.5億元),政府采用投資補(bǔ)助、政府回購(gòu)的方式與北控水務(wù)在增量項(xiàng)目上進(jìn)行合作。這種PPP模式的交易結(jié)構(gòu),把河道治理、污水處理、飲水工程打包在一起,可總結(jié)為“盤(pán)活存量、帶動(dòng)增量”,值得進(jìn)一步探索。

流域治理需要站在城市尺度上去考慮,不能作為末端治理項(xiàng)目對(duì)待。在具體治理中,不能只盯下游治理,要控制上游水質(zhì),這一點(diǎn)僅靠截污效果還不夠,需在上游推行清潔生產(chǎn)思路。建議建立一個(gè)流域生態(tài)的模型,倒推環(huán)境容量,再來(lái)考慮應(yīng)該采取什么措施。

“在治理過(guò)程中,我們對(duì)洛河特質(zhì)及周邊產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析,再制定方案。將洛河需要治理的32公里分為郊態(tài)段、創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)段、城市活力段、歷史文化段四段進(jìn)行,目前正在實(shí)施歷史文化段。”

流域治理是一項(xiàng)復(fù)合性業(yè)務(wù),涉及環(huán)保、市政、水利、生態(tài)、建筑等多方面問(wèn)題。如何將企業(yè)、技術(shù)進(jìn)行合理集成,將是工程進(jìn)行中一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題。北控在流域治理中的三個(gè)關(guān)鍵支撐便是投融資體系、技術(shù)體系及企業(yè)生態(tài)群。其中,有些拉動(dòng)政府,有些負(fù)責(zé)招商,有些專(zhuān)注流域治理。


城市黑臭水體


在項(xiàng)目洽談階段,有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的政府會(huì)著重看合作方是什么陣容的方陣,可以整合多少資源來(lái)投入治理,企業(yè)生態(tài)群的建立不僅利于具體治理,也方便與政府協(xié)商。此外,在技術(shù)體系也有功能劃分,如黑臭水體可分為流動(dòng)水體和封閉水體兩類(lèi),這兩類(lèi)水體所需要的治理技術(shù)完全不同;即使針對(duì)某一種水體,也需要多種技術(shù)的配合協(xié)作,一種技術(shù)很難包打天下。但同時(shí)水環(huán)境綜合整治項(xiàng)目也具有重要的實(shí)踐意義,它打破了原有地區(qū)水務(wù)業(yè)務(wù)單一條線(xiàn),將排水設(shè)施的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)與城市的水生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)理念實(shí)現(xiàn)基層結(jié)合,打破水務(wù)自然壟斷特征所帶來(lái)的壁壘鎖定,提升了環(huán)境行業(yè)的整體投資與技術(shù)效率,能夠有效推動(dòng)環(huán)境保護(hù)治理體系的深層次改革取得較好效果。

衡水市衡美水處理設(shè)備有限公司,專(zhuān)營(yíng) 淺層砂過(guò)濾器 過(guò)濾器 全自動(dòng)加藥裝置 原水處理設(shè)備 等業(yè)務(wù),有意向的客戶(hù)請(qǐng)咨詢(xún)我們,聯(lián)系電話(huà):0318-2987119

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