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水處理工程師必懂的廢水處理知識(shí)(二)

2022-08-18  來(lái)自: 環(huán)保水圈 瀏覽次數(shù):553

六、廢水分析中為什么經(jīng)常使用CODBOD這二個(gè)污染指標(biāo)

廢水中有許多有機(jī)物質(zhì),含有十幾種、幾十種,甚至上百種有機(jī)物質(zhì)的廢水也是能經(jīng)常遇到的,如果對(duì)廢水中的有機(jī)物質(zhì)一一進(jìn)行定性定量的分析,既耗時(shí)間,又耗藥品。

水處理工程師


那么能不能只用一個(gè)污染指標(biāo)來(lái)表示廢水中所有的有機(jī)物質(zhì)及其它們的數(shù)量呢?環(huán)境科學(xué)工作者經(jīng)過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),所有的有機(jī)物質(zhì)都有二個(gè)共性:一是它們至少都由碳?xì)浣M成;二是絕大多數(shù)的有機(jī)物質(zhì)能夠化學(xué)氧化或被微生物氧化,它們的碳和氫分別與氧形成二氧化碳和水。廢水中的有機(jī)物質(zhì)不論是在化學(xué)氧化過(guò)程中還是在生物氧化過(guò)程中都要消耗氧,廢水中的有機(jī)物質(zhì)愈多,則消耗的氧量也愈多,二者之間是呈正比例關(guān)系的。于是環(huán)境科學(xué)工作者們將廢水用化學(xué)藥劑氧化時(shí)所消耗的氧量稱為化學(xué)需氧量,即COD;而將廢水用微生物氧化所消耗的氧量稱為生物需氧量,即BOD。由于CODBOD能夠綜合性地反映廢水中所有有機(jī)物質(zhì)的數(shù)量,且分析比較簡(jiǎn)單,因此被廣泛地應(yīng)用于廢水分析和環(huán)境工程上。

實(shí)際上,COD并不是單單表示水中的有機(jī)物質(zhì)的,它還能表示水中具有還原性質(zhì)的無(wú)機(jī)物質(zhì),如:硫化物、亞鐵離子、亞硫酸鈉,甚至氯根離子等。譬如講,如果鐵炭池出水中的亞鐵離子在中和池中沒(méi)能完全被去除掉的話,則生化處理出水中由于有亞鐵離子的存在,出水COD可能會(huì)超標(biāo)。

七、什么叫COD(化學(xué)需氧量)?

化學(xué)需氧量(COD)是指廢水中能被氧化的物質(zhì)在被化學(xué)氧化劑氧化時(shí),所需要的氧量,以氧的毫克/升作為單位。它是目前用來(lái)測(cè)定廢水中有機(jī)物含量的一種常用手段。COD分析中常用的氧化劑有高錳酸鉀(錳法CODMn)和重鉻酸鉀(鉻法CODCr),現(xiàn)在常用重鉻酸鉀法。廢水在強(qiáng)酸加熱沸騰回流條件下對(duì)有機(jī)物實(shí)行氧化,用硫酸銀作催化劑時(shí)可以使大多數(shù)的有機(jī)物的氧化率提高到百分之九十五。如果廢水中含有較高濃度的氯根離子,應(yīng)該用硫酸汞將氯離子屏蔽掉,以減少對(duì)COD的測(cè)定干擾。

八、什么叫BOD5(生化需氧量)?

生化需氧量也可以表征廢水被有機(jī)物污染的程度,常用的為5日生化需氧量,以BOD5表示,它表示廢水在微生物存在下進(jìn)行生化降解5日內(nèi)所需要的氧的數(shù)量。今后我們將經(jīng)常使用5日生化需氧量。

九、CODBOD5之間有什么關(guān)系?

有的有機(jī)物是可以被生物氧化降解的(如葡萄糖和乙醇),有的有機(jī)物只能部分被生物氧化降解(如甲醇),而有的有機(jī)物是不能被生物氧化降解的而且還具有毒性(如銀杏酚、銀杏酸、某些表面活性劑)。因此,我們可以把水中的有機(jī)物分成2個(gè)部分,即可以生化降解的有機(jī)物和不可生化降解的有機(jī)物。

通常認(rèn)為COD基本上可表示水中的所有的有機(jī)物。而BOD為水中可以生物降解的有機(jī)物,因此CODBOD的差值可以表示廢水中生物不可降解部分的有機(jī)物。

十、什么叫B/CB/C表示什么意義?

B/CBOD5COD比值的縮寫,該比值可以表示廢水的可生化降解特性。如果CODNB表示COD中的不可生物降解部分,則廢水中不可為微生物生物降解的有機(jī)物所占的比例可用CODNB/COD表示。

當(dāng)BOD5/COD0.45時(shí),不可生物降解的有機(jī)物僅僅占全部有機(jī)物的百分之二十以下,而當(dāng)BOD5/COD0.2時(shí),不可生物降解的有機(jī)物已占全部有機(jī)物的百分之六十以上。

因此,BOD5/COD值常常被作為有機(jī)物生物降解性的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。

B/C在環(huán)境工程上有著非常重要而實(shí)用的意義。

十一、什么叫pH

pH實(shí)際上是水溶液中酸堿度的一種表示方法。平時(shí)我們經(jīng)常習(xí)慣于用百分濃度來(lái)表示水溶液的酸堿度,如百分之一的硫酸溶液或堿溶液,但是當(dāng)水溶液的酸堿度很小很小時(shí),如果再用百分濃度來(lái)表示則太麻煩了,這時(shí)可用pH來(lái)表示。pH的應(yīng)用范圍在0-14之間,當(dāng)pH7時(shí)水呈中性;pH7時(shí)水呈酸性,pH愈小,水的酸性愈大;當(dāng)pH7時(shí)水呈堿性,pH愈大,水的堿性愈大。

世界上所有的生物是離不開水的,但是適宜于生物生存的pH值的范圍往往是非常狹小的,因此環(huán)保局將處理出水的pH值嚴(yán)格地規(guī)定在6-9之間。

水中pH值的檢測(cè)經(jīng)常使用pH試紙,也有用儀器測(cè)定的,如pH測(cè)定儀。

十二、廢水分析中為什么要經(jīng)常使用毫克/升(mg/L)這個(gè)濃度單位?

一般來(lái)說(shuō),廢水中的有機(jī)物質(zhì)和無(wú)機(jī)物質(zhì)的含量是很小很小的,如果用百分濃度或其他濃度來(lái)表示則太麻煩太不方便了,譬如一噸廢水中往往只有幾克、幾十克、幾百克甚至幾千克污染物質(zhì),其單位即為克/噸(g/T),如將噸換算成升即為毫克/升(mg/L)。

十三、什么叫廢水的預(yù)處理?預(yù)處理要達(dá)到哪幾個(gè)目的?

生化處理前的處理一般都習(xí)慣地叫作預(yù)處理。由于生化法處理費(fèi)用比較低、運(yùn)行比較穩(wěn)定,因此一般的工業(yè)廢水都采用生化法處理,廢水的治理也以生化法作為主要的處理手段。但廢水中含有某些對(duì)微生物有毒害的有機(jī)物質(zhì),因此廢水在進(jìn)入生化池之前進(jìn)行必要的預(yù)處理,目的是將廢水中對(duì)微生物有毒害的物質(zhì)盡可能地削減或去除,以保證生化池中的微生物能正常地運(yùn)行。

預(yù)處理的目的有二個(gè):一是將廢水中對(duì)微生物有毒害作用的物質(zhì)盡可能地消減和去除或轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)微生物有利的物質(zhì),以保證生化池中的微生物能正常運(yùn)行;其二是在預(yù)處理過(guò)程中削減COD負(fù)荷,以減少生化池的運(yùn)行負(fù)擔(dān)。

預(yù)處理工藝是鐵炭微電解與Fe2+/Fe3+還原氧化法,形成的無(wú)數(shù)個(gè)微小的鐵炭原電池有利于氧化還原反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行,可將廢水中的有毒有害物質(zhì)破壞去除,在中和沉淀過(guò)程中還可以通過(guò)二價(jià)鐵與三價(jià)鐵在堿性條件所形成的活性絮體吸附廢水中的有機(jī)物質(zhì)以削減COD負(fù)荷,保證后續(xù)的生化處理系統(tǒng)能正常地運(yùn)行。

十四、廢水集水池是派什么用的?

廢水集水池的作用是匯集、儲(chǔ)存和均衡廢水的水質(zhì)水量。

各個(gè)車間的生產(chǎn)廢水,其排出的廢水水量和水質(zhì)一般來(lái)說(shuō)是不均衡的,生產(chǎn)時(shí)有廢水,不生產(chǎn)時(shí)就沒(méi)有廢水,甚至在一日之內(nèi)或班產(chǎn)之間都可能有很大的變化,特別是精細(xì)化工行業(yè)的廢水,如果清濁廢水不分流,則工藝濃廢水與輕污染廢水的水質(zhì)水量變化很大,這種變化對(duì)廢水處理設(shè)施設(shè)備的正常操作及處理效果是很不利的,甚至是有害的。因此廢水在進(jìn)入主要污水處理系統(tǒng)前,都要設(shè)置一個(gè)廢水集水池,將廢水儲(chǔ)存起來(lái)并使其均質(zhì)均量,以保證廢水處理設(shè)備和設(shè)施的正常運(yùn)行。

十五、為什么廢水中的膠體顆粒不易自然沉降?

廢水中許多比重大于1的雜質(zhì)懸浮物、大顆粒、易沉降的懸浮物都可以用自然沉降、離心等方法去除。

但比重小于1的、微小的甚至肉眼無(wú)法看到的懸浮物顆粒則很難自然沉降,如膠體顆粒是10-410-6mm大小的微粒,在水中非常穩(wěn)定,它的沉降速度很慢,沉降1m需耕時(shí)200年。沉降慢的原因有二個(gè),一般來(lái)說(shuō),膠體粒子都帶有負(fù)電荷,由于同性相斥的原因,從而阻止膠體微粒間的接觸,不能被彼此粘合,懸浮于水中。膠體粒子表面還有一層分子緊緊地包圍著,這層水化層也阻礙和隔絕膠體微粒之間的接觸,不能被彼此粘合,懸浮于水中。

十六、怎樣使膠體顆粒沉淀?

要使膠體顆粒沉淀,就要促使膠體顆粒相互接觸,使之成為大的顆粒,亦即凝聚起來(lái),使其比重大于1而沉淀。

采用的方法有很多種,工程上常用的技術(shù)有:凝聚法、絮凝法和混凝法。

十七、什么叫凝聚?

在廢水中投加帶正離子的混凝藥劑,大量正離子在膠體粒子之間的存在以消除膠體粒子之間的靜電排斥,從而使微粒聚結(jié),這種通過(guò)投加正離子電解質(zhì)的方法,使得膠體微粒相互聚結(jié)的過(guò)程稱為凝聚。常用地凝聚劑有硫酸鋁、硫酸亞鐵、明礬、氯化鐵等。

十八、什么叫絮凝?

絮凝是在廢水中加入高分子混凝藥劑,高分子混凝藥劑溶解后,會(huì)形成高分子聚合物。這種高聚物的結(jié)構(gòu)是線型結(jié)構(gòu),線的一端拉著一個(gè)微小粒子,另一端拉著另一個(gè)微小粒子,在相距較遠(yuǎn)兩個(gè)粒子之間起著粘結(jié)架橋的作用,使得微粒逐漸變大,形成大顆粒的絮凝體(俗稱礬花),加速顆粒沉降。常用的絮聚劑有聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚鐵(PE)等。

十九、廢水為什么要用聚鐵進(jìn)行絮凝吸附預(yù)處理?

聚鐵在混凝過(guò)程中形成氫氧化鐵絮體具有很好的吸附廢水中有機(jī)物質(zhì)的能力,實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)表明,廢水用聚鐵絮凝吸附后,可以去除廢水中COD的百分之二十左右,這樣可以大大地降低生化池的運(yùn)行負(fù)擔(dān),有利于處理廢水的達(dá)標(biāo)排放。另外,用聚鐵進(jìn)行混凝預(yù)處理可以將廢水中對(duì)微生物有毒害作用的微量物質(zhì)去除,以保證生化池中的微生物能正常運(yùn)行。在諸多混凝藥劑中,聚鐵的價(jià)格相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)比較便宜(25-300/噸),因此處理成本比較低廉,比較適合工藝廢水的預(yù)處理。

聚鐵是酸性物質(zhì),腐蝕性很強(qiáng),因此處理設(shè)備應(yīng)做好防腐處理。

二十、什么叫混凝?

凝聚與絮凝結(jié)合在一起使用的過(guò)程為混凝過(guò)程。混凝在實(shí)驗(yàn)或工程上被經(jīng)常應(yīng)用,如先在水中投加硫酸亞鐵等藥劑,消除膠體粒子之間的靜電排斥,然后再投加聚丙烯酰胺(PAM),使得微粒逐漸變大,形成肉眼可見的礬花,產(chǎn)生沉降。

二十一、什么叫吸附?

利用多孔性固體(如活性炭)或絮體物質(zhì)(如聚鐵)將廢水中的有毒有害物質(zhì)吸附在固體或絮體的表面上或微孔內(nèi),達(dá)到凈化水質(zhì)的目的,這種處理方法稱作為吸附處理。吸附的對(duì)象可以是不溶性固體物質(zhì),也可以是溶解性物質(zhì)。吸附處理的效率高,出水水質(zhì)好,因此常作為廢水深度處理。也可在生化處理單元中引入吸附處理,以提高生化處理效率(如PACT法就是其中的一種)。

衡水市衡美水處理設(shè)備有限公司,專營(yíng) 淺層砂過(guò)濾器 過(guò)濾器 全自動(dòng)加藥裝置 原水處理設(shè)備 等業(yè)務(wù),有意向的客戶請(qǐng)咨詢我們,聯(lián)系電話:0318-2987119

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