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農(nóng)村污水處理詳細方案設計(二)

2022-06-26  來自: 環(huán)保水圈 瀏覽次數(shù):597

第 二章處理工藝選擇


一、處理水量與水質

1水量

宋崗村總共設置1304個分散式污水處理系統(tǒng),每戶處理水量0.80m³/d


農(nóng)村污水


2污水來源及水質

農(nóng)村生活主要為洗浴、沖廁、洗衣服用水等主要污染物CODBOD氨氮等。參考同類比其他污水水質,確定污水水質如下:

二、治理工藝路線選擇

1污水治理工藝選擇

近年來,各種水處理技術在實際應用中取得了不斷的發(fā)展,特別是作為二級處理的活性污泥法以其工藝相對成熟、運行穩(wěn)定、處理效果好而成為城市污水處理主流工藝,但傳統(tǒng)的活性污泥不僅基建投資大,運行費用高,且主要以去除碳源污染物為目的,對氮、磷等營養(yǎng)物質的去除則微乎其微,經(jīng)處理后的出水排入水體后仍將引起“富營養(yǎng)化”等環(huán)境問題。

三級處理雖可解決上述問題,但因投資和運行費用昂貴而難以大面積推廣。同時事實也說明,單純依靠傳統(tǒng)的人工處理方法在我國當前的情況下尚難以從根本上解決水污染問題,只能延緩其發(fā)展趨勢70年代以來,人工濕地處理技術的提出和發(fā)展,綜合解決上述問題提供了一種新的選擇。

針對新農(nóng)村建設的方針,農(nóng)村污水處理也提到議程,根據(jù)農(nóng)村的特點,人工濕地系統(tǒng)在農(nóng)村污水治理方面更突出優(yōu)越型,具有高適應、高承受力及低投入、低運行費、低維護費等優(yōu)點

2人工濕地類型

人工濕地根據(jù)污水在人工濕地中的流動方式可以把人工濕地劃分為自由表面流人工濕地和潛流人工濕地。

1)自流由表面流人工濕地

水面位于濕地基質層以上,水深一般為0.3~0.5m,水流呈推流式前進,污水從入口緩慢流經(jīng)濕地表面,部分污水或蒸發(fā)或滲入地下,出水由溢流堰流出。近水面部分為好氧層,較深部分及底部通常為厭氧層。在此種類型的濕地中,主要種植挺水植物,如蘆葦、香蒲、水蔥、燈心草等。浮水植物系統(tǒng)和沉水植物系統(tǒng),常歸為水生植物塘系統(tǒng)。種植挺水植物的自由水面人工濕地(FWS型)可應用于二級處理和三級處理。也有用于處理礦山廢水,城市和農(nóng)田徑流,工業(yè)廢水等。

FWS型濕地優(yōu)點有:投資少,運行費用低,維護簡單,效果比自然濕地好。

FWS型濕地缺點有:水力負荷一般較低,達到同等處理效果的條件下,其占地面積要比潛流大的多,并且易受季節(jié)影響(冬季會結冰,夏季有惡臭,蚊蠅滋生),去污能力有限。

2潛流人工濕地

根據(jù)污水在濕地中流動的方向不同可將潛流型濕地系統(tǒng)分為水平潛流人工濕地和垂直潛流人工濕地2種類型。不同類型的濕地對污染物的去除效果不同,具有各自優(yōu)缺點

A、水平潛流濕地系統(tǒng)水平潛流人工濕地因污水從一端水平流過填料床而得名。由一個或幾個填料床組成,床體充填基質。與自由表面流相比,水平潛流人工濕地的水力負荷和污染負荷大,對BODCODSS、重金屬等污染指標的去除效果好,且很少有惡臭和滋生蚊蠅現(xiàn)象,是目前較多研究和應用的一種濕地。其缺點有:控制相對復雜,脫氮、除磷的效果不如垂直流人工濕地。

B、垂直潛流濕地系統(tǒng)在垂直潛流人工濕地總污水從濕地表面縱向流向填料床的底部,床體處于不飽和狀態(tài),氧可通過大氣擴散和植物傳輸進入人工濕地系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)的硝化能力高于水平潛流濕地。但也有局限性。其缺點是落干/淹水時間較長,控制相對復雜。

潛流人工濕地主要有3部分組成:基質、植物、布水系統(tǒng)。目前人工濕地系統(tǒng)可用的基質主要有土壤、碎石、礫石、煤塊、細砂、粗砂、煤渣、多孔介質、硅灰石和工業(yè)廢物中的一種或幾種組合的混合物。基質一方面為植物和微生物生長提供介質。另一方面通過沉積、過濾和吸附等作用直接去除污染物。

潛流人工濕地中使用的植物主要有香蒲、蘆葦、燈心草等。這些植物可增加濕地基質的遇水性,此外還能與周圍環(huán)境的原生動物、微生物等形成各種小環(huán)境,將氧氣輸至根區(qū),形成特殊的根基微生物環(huán)境,這一微生物環(huán)境具有很強的凈化廢水能力。在美國,大約四成的潛流型濕地只種植香蒲一種植物,歐洲則多數(shù)種植蘆葦,也有一些系統(tǒng)種植了多種組合植物。

布水系統(tǒng)主要是將進水均勻分布在處理系統(tǒng)中,并且保證不發(fā)生短流和堵塞。在潛流人工濕地處理系統(tǒng)中多采用穿孔布水系統(tǒng)。

潛流型人工濕地同時還能夠對有機污染物有較強的降解能力。污水中的不溶有機物通過濕地的沉積、過濾作用。可以很快的被截留而被微生物利用。污水中的可溶性有機物則可通過植物根系微生物膜的吸附、吸收及生物代謝過程分解去除。

該技術已經(jīng)在英國、美國、新西蘭、法國、澳大利亞、巴西、荷蘭等許多地區(qū)得到應用推廣,也開始使用該技術解決國內(nèi)的污水處理問題。與此同時應用范圍不斷擴大,除了用于處理城市污水外,還應用于工業(yè)廢水、農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染、垃圾滲濾液暴雨徑流等多種廢水的處理,表現(xiàn)出良好的凈化效果。

3推薦方案確定

考慮到造甲鄉(xiāng)宋崗村人工濕地工程的出水水質要求,采用潛流人工濕地比價較經(jīng)濟適用。潛流與自由表面流人工濕地兩種組合方案優(yōu)缺點比較見下表:


農(nóng)村污水


通過比較,選用潛流濕地作為人工濕地處理設施,對BODCODSS、重金屬等污染指標的去除效果好,且很少有惡臭和滋生蚊蠅現(xiàn)象。

4人工濕地工程工藝流程的確定

考慮到本工程出水水質標準較高,經(jīng)過人工濕地處理很難保證出水能夠達到GB18918-2002《城鎮(zhèn)污水處理廠污染物排放標準》的三級標準,為保證出水達標,保證良好的硝化、反硝化效果,為此在人工濕地組合工藝前面增加預處理過程,促進硝化,根據(jù)研究結果與實際工程經(jīng)驗,提出利用生物濾池作為預處理手段,利用細菌和藻類的共同作用繼續(xù)進一步降解水中的污染物。

生物濾池法是在砂濾池基礎上發(fā)展起來的一種生物處理法。該方法是利用濾料表面形成一層生物膜來凈化水質。在濾池內(nèi),廢水由于重力作用自上而下的連續(xù)流經(jīng)濾料,使被吸附和吸收的物質在氧氣的作用下進行氧化分解。同時,微生物以有機物的營養(yǎng)進行自身繁殖。一部分附著力差的微生物在廢水的沖刷下會不斷脫落,隨水流流出濾池,此時新的微生物不斷生長,隨著水膜和流動水膜之間的混合稀釋,氧的擴散和吸收,微生物新陳代謝,有機物分解等過程。整個過程是一個復雜的物理化學和生物化學的綜合過程。

各戶污水經(jīng)化糞池出水由管道進入生物濾池,利用濾料表面形成的一層生物膜凈化水,由于經(jīng)過污水處理廠處理,進入到該系統(tǒng)中的有機物主要為難降解的。故在此種情況下,自養(yǎng)菌的硝化菌占有優(yōu)勢,氨氮去除率能達到百分之八十以上,該生物濾池出水進入人工濕地采用配水管均勻分配到每濕地床中,在濕地床中,水中的剩余污染物質經(jīng)過吸附、微生物降解、吸收等多種途徑去除。從潛流出水水質基本可以達到設計要求。在人工濕地上種植蘆葦、香蒲等挺水植物,使整個濕地的物種呈現(xiàn)多元化特征,提升濕地的自然價值和人文價值。經(jīng)過人工濕地凈化后,經(jīng)給水管到出水收集池。

各戶污水經(jīng)人工濕地出水匯集到氧化塘在陽光照射下可能會有藻類進入出水中。

綜合考慮后,推薦采用如下污水處理工藝流程。

利用生物濾池作為預處理手段充分硝化,減輕后續(xù)負擔,出水流入到潛流濕地中,進入人工濕地采用配水管均勻分配到每濕地床中,在濕地床中,水中的剩余污染物質經(jīng)過吸附、微生物降解、吸收等多種途徑去除。從潛流出水水質基本達到設計要求,各戶經(jīng)人工濕地出水匯集到氧化塘,經(jīng)氧化塘后可農(nóng)用或排放河道。

5所選用工藝的特點

1)工藝完善、技術成熟、功能穩(wěn)定可靠,具有耐沖擊負荷。

2)預處理采用生物濾池,增強硝化能力,提高氨氮的去除率;根據(jù)水平潛流段工藝特點,在此階段主要發(fā)生反硝化,大大降低總氮含量,且剩余有機物得到進一步去除;后續(xù)自由表面流濕地和氧化塘起鞏固,強化作用;

3)考慮污水成分復雜等特點,在工藝設計上采用了低負荷,長水力停留時間,有利于進一步提高污染物的去除,且具有抗水力、有機負荷能力。

4)在生態(tài)段通過基質吸附、植物吸收、微生物利用等綜合作用,脫氮除磷,且整體工藝采用低負荷、長水力停留時間的運行方式,更有利于難降解污染物的去除。

6工段說明

化糞池:化糞池采用磚混結構,外表涂上防水砂漿,主要用于廢水的預處理,降低污染負荷。

生物濾池:采用砼構造,外表涂上防水砂漿。主要功能是利用其中的生物填料增加表面積,增加生物菌的附著,通過微生物的代謝特性分解有機物。污水在此停留一段時間,以利于污水中的有機物得到充分降解。

人工濕地:采用砼構造,外表涂上防水砂漿。人工濕地對廢水的處理綜合了物理、化學和生物的三種作用。是人工濕地法處理污水的核心部分。濕地系統(tǒng)成熟后,填料表面和植物根系將由于大量微生物的生長而形成生物膜。廢水流經(jīng)生物膜時,大量的SS被填料和植物根系阻擋截留,有機污染物則通過生物膜的吸收、同化及異化作用而被去除。濕地系統(tǒng)中因植物根系對氧的傳遞釋放,使其周圍的環(huán)境中依次出現(xiàn)好氧、缺氧、厭氧狀態(tài),從而通過硝化、反硝化作用將污染物除去,實現(xiàn)達標排放。

出水池:通過分布在人工濕地末端的管道集水并自留入出水池,出水池中的水經(jīng)過沉淀后排入下水管道,通過對集水池的采樣化驗,可以判斷人工濕地系統(tǒng)的運行情況。

氧化塘:分散式人工濕地污水處理系統(tǒng)經(jīng)污水匯集進入氧化塘,氧化塘經(jīng)過自凈能力,有效的進一步凈化廢水。

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