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工業(yè)廢水中氨氮處理方法比較分析(下)

2022-06-07  來(lái)自: 環(huán)保水圈 瀏覽次數(shù):911

3、生物法

生物法是指廢水中的氨氮在各種微生物作用下,通過(guò)硝化、反硝化等一系列反應(yīng)生成氮?dú)猓瑥亩_(dá)到去除的目的。

工業(yè)廢水


其脫氮途徑如圖2所示。對(duì)于可生化性高的廢水(BOD/COD>0.3),氨氮可通過(guò)生物法脫除。

工業(yè)廢水

用生物法處理含氨氮廢水時(shí),有機(jī)碳的相對(duì)濃度是考慮的主要因素,維持科學(xué)的碳氮比也是生物法成功的關(guān)鍵之一。

生物法具有操作簡(jiǎn)單、效果穩(wěn)定、不產(chǎn)生二次污染且經(jīng)濟(jì)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),其缺點(diǎn)為占地面積大,處理效率易受溫度和有毒物質(zhì)等的影響且對(duì)運(yùn)行管理要求較高。同時(shí),在工業(yè)運(yùn)用中應(yīng)考慮某些物質(zhì)對(duì)微生物活動(dòng)和繁殖的作用。此外,高濃度的氨氮對(duì)生物法硝化過(guò)程具有明顯作用,因此當(dāng)處理氨氮廢水的初始質(zhì)量濃度<300mg>時(shí),采用生物法效果較好。

J.Kim等采用小球藻處理美國(guó)俄亥俄州辛辛那提磨溪污水處理廠廢水中的氨氮,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,小球藻在經(jīng)歷24h的遲緩期后,在48h內(nèi)氨氮去除率可達(dá)百分之五十。

1)生物硝化反硝化技術(shù)

傳統(tǒng)生物硝化反硝化脫氮處理過(guò)程包括硝化和反硝化兩個(gè)階段。硝化過(guò)程是指在好氧條件下,在硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽菌的作用下,氨氮可被氧化成硝酸鹽氮和亞硝酸鹽氮;再通過(guò)缺氧條件,反硝化菌將硝酸鹽氮和亞硝酸鹽氮還原成氮?dú)猓瑥亩_(dá)到脫氮的目的。

傳統(tǒng)生物硝化反硝化法中,較成熟的方法A/O法、A2/O法、SBR序批式處理法、接觸氧化法等。它們具有效果穩(wěn)定、操作簡(jiǎn)單、不產(chǎn)生二次污染、成本較低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但該法也存在一些弊端,如補(bǔ)充相應(yīng)的碳源來(lái)配合實(shí)現(xiàn)氨氮的脫除,使運(yùn)行費(fèi)用增加;碳氮比較小時(shí),需要進(jìn)行消化液回流,增加了反應(yīng)池容積和動(dòng)力消耗;硝化細(xì)菌濃度低,系統(tǒng)投堿量大等。楊小俊等通過(guò)A/O膜生物反應(yīng)器處理某煉油廠氣浮池出水中的氨氮,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)氨氮和COD容積負(fù)荷分別在0.04~0.08時(shí),處理后水中氨氮質(zhì)量濃度小于5mg/L

2)新型生物脫氮技術(shù)

A、短程硝化反硝化技術(shù)。短程硝化反硝化是在同一個(gè)反應(yīng)器中,先在有氧的條件下,利用氨氧化細(xì)菌將氨氧化成亞硝酸鹽,阻止亞硝酸鹽進(jìn)一步氧化,然后直接在缺氧的條件下,以有機(jī)物或外加碳源作為電子供體,將亞硝酸鹽進(jìn)行反硝化生成氮?dú)狻?/span>

短程硝化反硝化與傳統(tǒng)生物脫氮相比具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):對(duì)于活性污泥法,可節(jié)省供氧量,降低能耗;節(jié)省碳源,可提高總氮的去除率;提高了反應(yīng)速率,縮短了反應(yīng)時(shí)間,減少反應(yīng)器容積。但由于亞硝化細(xì)菌和硝化細(xì)菌之間關(guān)系緊密,每個(gè)影響因素的變化都同時(shí)影響到兩類細(xì)菌,而且各個(gè)因素之間也存在著相互影響的關(guān)系,這使得短程硝化反硝化的條件難以控制。目前短程硝化反硝化技術(shù)仍處在人工配水實(shí)驗(yàn)階段,對(duì)此現(xiàn)象的理論解釋還不充分。

B、同時(shí)硝化反硝化技術(shù)。當(dāng)硝化與反硝化在同一個(gè)反應(yīng)器中同時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí),即為同時(shí)硝化反硝化(SND)。廢水中溶解氧受擴(kuò)散速度限制,在微生物絮體或者生物膜的表面,溶解氧濃度較高,利于好氧硝化菌和氨化菌的生長(zhǎng)繁殖,越深入絮體或膜內(nèi)部,溶解氧濃度越低,形成缺氧區(qū),反硝化細(xì)菌占優(yōu)勢(shì),從而形成同時(shí)硝化反硝化過(guò)程。

鄒聯(lián)沛等對(duì)膜生物反應(yīng)器系統(tǒng)中的同時(shí)硝化反硝化現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了研究,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)DO1mg/L,C/N=30,pH=7.2時(shí),升高或降低反應(yīng)器內(nèi)DO濃度后,TN去除率都會(huì)下降。

同時(shí)硝化反硝化法節(jié)省反應(yīng)器,縮短了反應(yīng)時(shí)間,且能耗低、投資省。但目前對(duì)于同步硝化反硝化的研究尚處于實(shí)驗(yàn)室階段,其作用機(jī)理及動(dòng)力學(xué)模型需做進(jìn)一步的研究,其工業(yè)化運(yùn)用尚難實(shí)現(xiàn)。

(3)厭氧氨氧化技術(shù)。

厭氧氨氧化是指在缺氧或厭氧條件下,微生物以NH4+為電子受體,以NO2-NO3-為電子供體進(jìn)行的將NH4+NO2-NO3-轉(zhuǎn)化成N2的過(guò)程。

何巖等研究了SHARON工藝與厭氧氨氧化工藝聯(lián)用技術(shù)處理“中老齡”垃圾滲濾液的效果,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,厭氧氨氧化反應(yīng)器可在具有硝化活性的污泥中實(shí)現(xiàn)啟動(dòng);在進(jìn)水氨氮和亞硝酸氮質(zhì)量濃度不超過(guò)250mg/L的條件下,氨氮和亞硝酸氮的去除率均有提高。目前,SHARON與厭氧氨氧化聯(lián)合工藝的研究仍處于實(shí)驗(yàn)室階段,還需要進(jìn)一步調(diào)整和優(yōu)化工藝條件,以提高聯(lián)合工藝去除實(shí)際高氨氮廢水中的總氮的效能。厭氧氨氧化技術(shù)可以大幅度地降低硝化反應(yīng)的充氧能耗,免去反硝化反應(yīng)的外源電子供體,可節(jié)省傳統(tǒng)硝化反硝化過(guò)程中所需的中和試劑,產(chǎn)生的污泥量少。但目前為止,其反應(yīng)機(jī)理、參與菌種和各項(xiàng)操作參數(shù)均不明確。

4、膜技術(shù)

1反滲透技術(shù)

反滲透技術(shù)是在高于溶液滲透壓的壓力作用下,借助于半透膜對(duì)溶質(zhì)的選擇截留作用,將溶質(zhì)與溶劑分離的技術(shù),具有能耗低、操作維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

利用反滲透技術(shù)處理氨氮廢水的過(guò)程中,設(shè)備給予足夠的壓力,水通過(guò)選擇性膜析出,可用作工業(yè)純水,而膜另一側(cè)氨氮溶液的濃度則相應(yīng)增高,成為可以被再次處理和利用的濃縮液。在實(shí)際操作中,施加的反滲透壓力與溶液的濃度成正比,隨著氨氮濃度的升高,反滲透裝置所需的能耗就越高,而效率卻是在下降。

徐永平等以兗礦魯南化肥廠碳酸鉀生產(chǎn)車(chē)間含NH4Cl的廢水為研究對(duì)象,利用反滲透法對(duì)NH4Cl廢水的處理過(guò)程進(jìn)行了研究,實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置采用反滲透膜70SWCS4)過(guò)濾機(jī)。結(jié)果表明,在用反滲透膜技術(shù)處理氨氮廢水的過(guò)程中,氯化銨質(zhì)量濃度適宜在60g/L以下,在該濃度條件下,設(shè)備脫氨氮效率較高,一般大于百分之九十七,各項(xiàng)技術(shù)指標(biāo)合格,可以用于實(shí)際生產(chǎn)操作。

2)滲析法

電滲析是在外加直流電場(chǎng)的作用下,利用離子交換膜的選擇透過(guò)性,使離子從電解質(zhì)溶液中分離出來(lái)的過(guò)程。電滲析法可有效分離廢水中的氨氮,并且該方法前期投入小,能量和藥劑消耗低,操作簡(jiǎn)單,水的利用率高,無(wú)二次污染副產(chǎn)物。

唐艷等采用自制電滲析設(shè)備對(duì)進(jìn)水電導(dǎo)率為2920μS/cm,氨氮質(zhì)量濃度為534.59mg/L的氨氮廢水進(jìn)行處理,通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)得到在電滲析電壓為55V,進(jìn)水流量為24L/h這一工藝參數(shù)條件下,可對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)用水有效脫氮的結(jié)論,出水氨氮質(zhì)量濃度為13mg/L。

三、不同濃度工業(yè)含氨氮廢水的處理方法比較

不同氨氮廢水處理方法優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)比較見(jiàn)表4

工業(yè)廢水


通過(guò)對(duì)以上幾種不同方法的論述,可以看出目前針對(duì)工業(yè)廢水中高濃度氨氮的處理方法主要使用物理化學(xué)方法做預(yù)處理,再選擇其他方法進(jìn)行后續(xù)處理,雖能取得較好的處理效果,但仍存在結(jié)垢、二次污染的問(wèn)題。對(duì)低濃度的氨氮廢水較常用的方法為化學(xué)法和傳統(tǒng)生物法,其中化學(xué)法的一些處理技術(shù)還不成熟,未在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用,因此還無(wú)法滿足工業(yè)對(duì)低濃度氨氮廢水深度處理的要求;生物法能較好地解決二次污染問(wèn)題,且能達(dá)到工業(yè)對(duì)低濃度氨氮廢水深度處理的要求,但目前對(duì)微生物的選種和馴化還不完全成熟。

四、結(jié)論

隨著對(duì)氨氮的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求的提高,工業(yè)氨氮廢水處理技術(shù)具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。目前,中低濃度氨氮廢水處理技術(shù)還需進(jìn)一步完善,多種脫氮技術(shù)聯(lián)用以及氨氮回收綜合利用將是今后的研究方向。

衡水市衡美水處理設(shè)備有限公司,專營(yíng) 淺層砂過(guò)濾器 過(guò)濾器 全自動(dòng)加藥裝置 原水處理設(shè)備 等業(yè)務(wù),有意向的客戶請(qǐng)咨詢我們,聯(lián)系電話:0318-2987119

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