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碳鋼基礎知識大全

2024-06-22  來自: 衡美水處理公眾平臺 瀏覽次數:169

如何進行水處理

衡美水處理為您介紹一項水處理專業知識——碳鋼基礎知識大全,指導您如何在實際操作應用

碳鋼:把含碳量小于2.11而不含有特意加入合金元素的鋼稱為碳素鋼,簡稱碳鋼。


碳鋼


一、常存元素對鋼性能的影響

碳鋼中除鐵和碳兩個主要元素外,煉鋼原料總是存在一定的雜質,而且在冶煉過程還會帶入一些雜質,如SiMnPS、非金屬夾雜物及氧、氮、氫等氣體。它們對鋼的性能和質量有一定的影響。

1錳(Mn

錳主要來自煉鋼脫氧劑。脫氧后殘留在鋼中的錳可溶于鐵素體和滲碳體中,使鋼的強度和硬度提高。此外,錳還與硫形成MnS,從而減輕硫對鋼的有害作用。所以錳是鋼中的有益元素,其含量一般為0.250.80

2硅(Si

硅是煉鋼后期,以硅鐵脫氧劑進行脫氧反應后殘留在鋼中的元素。硅能溶于鐵素體,對鋼有一定的強化作用,所以硅是鋼中的有益元素。但由于含量少,故其強化作用不大,一般應控制0.170.37之內。

3硫(S

硫是由生鐵及燃料帶入鋼中的有害元素。它在鋼中與鐵生成化合物FeSFeS與鐵形成共晶體(Fe+FeS),熔點低(985℃)。當鋼材加熱到10001200℃進行軋制或鍛造時,沿晶界分布的共晶體已經熔化,各晶粒間連接被破壞,導致鋼材開裂,這種現象稱為熱脆性。因此,硫是鋼中的有害元素,其含量不得超過0.05

4磷(P

磷是由生鐵帶入鋼中的有害元素。磷部分溶解在鐵素體中形成固溶體,部分在結晶時形成脆性很大的化合物Fe3P,使鋼在低溫下(一般為100℃以下)的塑性和韌性急劇下降,這種現象稱為冷脆性。鋼中含磷量達到0.10時,冷脆性就很嚴重了。因此,磷是鋼中的有害元素,一般鋼中含磷量限制在0.04以下。

5非金屬夾雜物

鋼中的非金屬夾雜物有氧化物、硫化物和硅酸鹽等。這些夾雜物是煉鋼反應產生而未能完全排除,或是從爐渣、爐體、鑄錠設備等耐火材料中帶入的。非金屬夾雜物降低鋼的強度、塑性,因而夾雜物越少,鋼的質量越好。


碳鋼碳鋼


二、碳鋼的分類

1按冶煉方法及設備分為:

1平爐鋼

2轉爐鋼

3電爐鋼

2按冶煉澆注時脫氧劑與脫氧程度分

1沸騰鋼

在冶煉末期和澆注前用錳鐵和少量鋁作脫氧劑進行輕微脫氧,使大量的氧留在鋼液中;在澆入錠模后,鋼中的氧與碳反應,產生大量CO氣泡而引起鋼液表面劇烈沸騰,故稱為沸騰鋼。

2鎮靜鋼

鋼液澆注前相繼用錳鐵、硅鐵和鋁等脫氧劑進行充分脫氧,使鋼液澆入錠模后凝固時沒有CO氣泡產生,錠模內鋼液平靜,故稱為鎮靜鋼。

3連鑄坯

鋼液經過連鑄機直接生產的鋼坯叫做連鑄坯。

4半鎮靜鋼

鋼液脫氧程度不夠充分,介于沸騰鋼和鎮靜鋼之間,澆注時產生輕微沸騰,鋼的組織和性能也介于鎮靜鋼和沸騰鋼之間。

3按含碳量分類

1低碳鋼:鋼的碳含量wc<0.25

2中碳鋼:鋼的碳含量介于0.250.60之間(wc=0.250.60)。

3高碳鋼:鋼的碳含量wc>0.60

4按碳鋼的質量分類

按碳鋼的質量分類主要根據碳鋼中所含有害雜質SP的質量分數分類。

1普通碳素鋼:ws0.050wp0.045

2)精良碳素鋼:ws0.035wp0.035

3)精良碳素鋼:ws0.025wp0.025

4特技精良碳素鋼:ws0.015wp0.025

5按鋼的用途分類

1碳素結構

主要用于制造各種機械零件和工程結構件,其含碳量一般都小于0.70,屬于低碳鋼和中碳鋼系列。

2碳素工具鋼

主要用于制造各種刀具、量具、模具。其含碳量一般大于0.70,屬于高碳鋼范疇。

三、碳素鋼的牌號

1普通碳素結構鋼

這類鋼冶煉容易、工藝性好、價廉,而且在力學性能上也能滿足一般工程結構及普通機器零件的要求,所以應用很廣。但鋼中的SP和非金屬夾雜物含量比精良碳素結構鋼多,在相同含碳量及熱處理條件下,其塑性、韌性較低,加工成形后一般不進行熱處理,大都在熱軋狀態下直接使用,通常軋制成板材、帶材及各種型材。

此類碳素結構鋼的牌號是由代表屈服點的拼音字母Q”和屈服點數值、質量等級符號及脫氧方法符號四個部分按順序組成,如Q235A·F表示為屈服點為235N/mA級沸騰鋼。一般簡寫為Q235

2精良碳素結構鋼

精良碳素結構鋼的牌號是用兩位數字表示該鋼平均含碳量的萬分之幾,例如45表示平均含碳量為0.45精良碳素結構鋼;08表示平均含碳量為0.08精良碳素結構鋼。

精良碳素結構鋼根據鋼中含錳量的不同,分為普通含錳量鋼(Mn<0.80)和較高含錳量鋼(Mn=0.701.20)兩組。較高含錳量鋼在牌號后面標出元素符號Mn”或漢字“錳”。例如65Mn表示平均含碳量為0.65,平均含錳量為1左右的較高含錳量的精良碳素結構鋼。

如為沸騰鋼,則在牌號后面加F”字母,如08F15F等,分別表示為平均含碳量為0.08的沸騰鋼及平均含碳量為0.15的沸騰鋼,如為鍋爐用鋼則在數值后面加g”,如平均含碳量為0.20的鍋爐用鋼20g等。

牌號含義舉例:

Q195:表示屈服點為195MPa的普通碳素結構鋼;

15Mn:表示平均含碳量為0.15左右,平均含錳量為1左右的精良碳素結構鋼;

3碳素工具鋼

碳素工具鋼是用于制造刀具、模具和量具的鋼。由于大多數工具鋼要求高硬度和高耐磨性,故工具鋼含碳量都在0.70以上,都是精良鋼和精良鋼。

碳素工具鋼的牌號以漢字“碳”或漢語拼音字母字頭“T”加后面的阿拉伯數字表示,其數值表示平均含碳量的千分之幾。若為精良鋼,則在牌號的數字后面標以字母A”。例如:

T8:表示平均含碳量為0.80的碳素工具鋼。

T8A:表示平均含碳量為0.80精良碳素工具鋼。

根據制造工具性能的要求,錳在工具鋼中含量為0.400.60時,則工具鋼的牌號在數字加Mn”表示如T8Mn等。

4鑄造碳鋼

鑄造用碳鋼一般用于制造形狀復雜,力學性能要求較高的機械零件。由于零件形狀復雜,很難用鍛造或機械加工方法制造,由于力學性能要求較高,不能用鑄鐵來制造。鑄造碳鋼廣泛用于重型機械的某些零件,如軋鋼機架、水壓機橫梁、鍛錘砧座等。

鑄造碳鋼的含碳量一般在0.200.60之間,若含碳量過高,則鋼的塑性差,而且鑄造時容易產生裂紋。

鑄造碳鋼的牌號是用鑄鋼兩字的漢語拼音字母字首ZG”表示,后面加兩組數字組成,一組數字代表屈服點數值,另一組數字代表抗拉強度值,如ZG270-500表示屈服點為270MPa,抗拉強度為500MPa的鑄造碳鋼。還有牌號為:ZG200-400ZG310-570ZG340-640等。


碳鋼


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