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農(nóng)村生活污水組合處理技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展(下)

2022-06-21  來自: 環(huán)保水圈 瀏覽次數(shù):568

三、生態(tài)組合技術(shù)處理農(nóng)村生活污水

生態(tài)處理技術(shù)是利用土壤—植物(動物)—微生物復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng),通過物理、化學(xué)、生物作用污水中的資源加以利用,對污水中的污染物進(jìn)行降解和凈化的工藝

農(nóng)村生活污水

相對于生物處理技術(shù),生態(tài)處理技術(shù)一般建設(shè)管理費用低、節(jié)能耗,具有一定的景觀效果,更加注重生態(tài)服務(wù)價值。在我國廣大農(nóng)村地區(qū),目前應(yīng)用實施的生態(tài)組合處理技術(shù)包括同種生態(tài)技術(shù)的組合和不同生態(tài)技術(shù)之間的組合。

1同種生態(tài)處理技術(shù)的組合

吳振斌等設(shè)計的復(fù)合垂直流人工濕地,將下行流池和上行流池串聯(lián),底部連通,使污水進(jìn)入濕地系統(tǒng)中硝化和反硝化作用更加充分,該系統(tǒng)對污水中TN去除效果較好,去除率為百分之四十三

針對滇池地區(qū)低含量農(nóng)村污水,采用表面流和潛流式2種人工復(fù)合生態(tài)床處理工藝,在高水力負(fù)荷(30cm³/d)條件下,潛流式床體對CODTNNH3NTP的去除率分別。相較于單獨的人工濕地處理技術(shù),人工濕地的組合技術(shù),提高了濕地的含氧量和有機(jī)物,從而改善了硝化作用,提高了濕地對污染物的去除能力,脫氮效果尤其明顯。

塔式復(fù)合人工濕地(TICW)的進(jìn)水分為2段,一部分污水通過下部進(jìn)水形成潛流式人工濕地,而另一部分污水則從塔頂流下形成表面流人工濕地,可為濕地后段的脫氮作用提供充足碳源。

采用多級土壤滲濾系統(tǒng)處理太湖流域農(nóng)村生活污水CODNH3NTNTPSS的平均去除率均有提高。將2套地下滲濾系統(tǒng)并行,填充介質(zhì)選用土壤、陶粒、爐渣和兩種自然有機(jī)質(zhì),也對農(nóng)村生活污水的處理取得較好的效果。

通過浮床技術(shù)在穩(wěn)定塘水面種植生態(tài)植物建立了生態(tài)塘,該系統(tǒng)對高含量生活污水中CODNH3NTNTP均具有較高的去除率。塔式蚯蚓生態(tài)濾池處理系統(tǒng),每一層塔為一個處理單元,梯度塔層、串聯(lián)疊層布置。該系統(tǒng)對COD氨氮TNTP處理效果好,且基建及運(yùn)行費用低,總運(yùn)行成本為0.671/m³。該技術(shù)在經(jīng)濟(jì)不發(fā)達(dá)農(nóng)村地區(qū)具有良好的應(yīng)用前景

2不同生態(tài)處理技術(shù)的組合

以生態(tài)塘為預(yù)處理,人工濕地作為后續(xù)處理,對太湖三山島農(nóng)村生活污水中NH3NTNTP去除率較高,且減少進(jìn)水中SS含量,有效地緩解濕地系統(tǒng)的堵塞。生活污水經(jīng)過塔式蚯蚓生態(tài)濾池的作用,出水負(fù)荷和污染物濃度降低,后進(jìn)入水平潛流式人工濕地,進(jìn)一步降低了有機(jī)物和營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的含量,使得出水水質(zhì)基本達(dá)標(biāo)。這種塔式蚯蚓生態(tài)濾池+人工濕地的組合工藝自動化程度高且管理運(yùn)行方便,比較適合在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)、人口密集的農(nóng)村地區(qū)推廣使用

在藻類塘的水面上以生物浮床的形式種植植物的組合系統(tǒng),一方面顯著提高了系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的穩(wěn)定性和出水的水質(zhì),并且節(jié)約了土地,另一方面生物浮床上移栽植物根系通過化感作用有效控制藻類的生長,同時植物本身也具有一定的景觀效果和美化環(huán)境的作用。采用植物與土壤滲濾系統(tǒng)聯(lián)用處理農(nóng)村生活污水,去除效果較好。該復(fù)合體系對生活污水中BOD5CODTNNH3NTP的平均去除率較高


農(nóng)村生活污水


四、生物+生態(tài)組合技術(shù)處理農(nóng)村生活污水

生物+生態(tài)組合技術(shù)是生物和生態(tài)處理工藝的結(jié)合,前段生物處理主要去除有機(jī)物和部分營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),后續(xù)生態(tài)處理進(jìn)一步脫氮除磷,充分發(fā)揮各自的優(yōu)勢,提高出水水質(zhì)和系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的穩(wěn)定性。相較于生物組合技術(shù)和生態(tài)組合技術(shù),生物+生態(tài)組合技術(shù)需綜合考慮農(nóng)村地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件,南北方地域氣候差異,以及用地條件、運(yùn)行管理、污泥產(chǎn)量和實際工程案例等因素。由于人工濕地是應(yīng)用普遍的一種后續(xù)生態(tài)處理技術(shù),我國農(nóng)村常見的生物+生態(tài)組合技術(shù)主要包括生物+人工濕地組合技術(shù)和其他生物+生態(tài)組合。

1生物+人工濕地

生物+人工濕地組合系統(tǒng)中的生物單元可以有效完成對有機(jī)物的降解和硝化作用;同時,人工濕地系統(tǒng)能進(jìn)一步去除氮、磷等污染物。將2者結(jié)合應(yīng)用能夠提高污水中的各類污染物的去除率。唐晶等采用接觸氧化—人工濕地組合工藝處理農(nóng)村生活污水,對CODNH3NTNTP的去除率較高且效果穩(wěn)定。其中跌水充氧接觸氧化池對COD的去除貢獻(xiàn)較大,而人工濕地對TNTP的去除貢獻(xiàn)較大。

在太湖流域農(nóng)村地區(qū),采用滴濾池—人工濕地組合工藝處理生活污水,結(jié)果表明滴濾池對CODNH3NTNTP去除率很高

選擇化糞池—人工潛流型濕地工藝和蔣嵐嵐等采用MBR—人工濕地組合技術(shù)在太湖周邊農(nóng)村地區(qū)也得到了應(yīng)用,取得較好的去除效果。

針對云南地區(qū)氣候溫和,冬季氣溫較高,全年適宜植物生長的特點,采用改良A2/O一人工潛流濕地組合處理系統(tǒng),同時在人工濕地加入了高吸附磷的基質(zhì)。該系統(tǒng)對污水中CODBOD5TNNH3NSS的平均去除率很高

江西省吉安市新干縣河頭村采用太陽能驅(qū)動生物濾塔—人工濕地組合工藝處理生活污水,該系統(tǒng)通過太陽能提供動力,射流噴射器充氧,處理效果好,且運(yùn)行費用低,操作簡單,可以實現(xiàn)無人看守,適宜在經(jīng)濟(jì)落后,偏遠(yuǎn)農(nóng)村地區(qū)推廣應(yīng)用。

采用“水解池—滴濾—人工濕地”3種工藝組合處理農(nóng)村生活污水,同時將珍珠巖礦渣、陶粒和石膏等分層放置滴濾池中,水力負(fù)荷可達(dá)4.08.0m³/˙d),該組合工藝對CODTNTP的去除率均超過百分之九十。鐘秋爽等選擇厭氧—接觸氧化渠—垂直潛流型人工濕地組合工藝處理農(nóng)村生活污水,其中接觸氧化渠的作用是為后續(xù)人工濕地充氧;而厭氧池、接觸氧化渠和人工濕地對CODNH3NTP均有較高的去除率,但厭氧池去除率較穩(wěn)定

2其他生物+生態(tài)

淹沒式生物膜—穩(wěn)定塘組合技術(shù)取消了二沉池和污泥回流,該系統(tǒng)對CODNH3NTNTP的平均去除率很高,且生物膜系統(tǒng)出水污泥含量基本為0,后續(xù)經(jīng)穩(wěn)定塘處理后的出水水質(zhì)良好,滿足回用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。對崇明島的農(nóng)村生活污水采用生物凈化槽—強(qiáng)化生態(tài)浮床(BPTEEFR)組合處理工藝,結(jié)果表明該組合技術(shù)不僅對CODNH3NTNTPSS的去除效果較好,同時占地面積小、造價費用低、便于維護(hù)管理。

由生物浮床、生物接觸氧化以及河道生態(tài)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成的生態(tài)組合系統(tǒng),也對農(nóng)村生活污水中NH3NTNTPCOD具有良好的去除效果。但該組合系統(tǒng)對污染物的去除率受季節(jié)影響,與秋季相比,夏季對污染物去除率較高,且污染物的去除率隨HRT的增加而提高,而4d后變化則趨于穩(wěn)定。

五、結(jié)論與展望

我國幅員遼闊,在農(nóng)村選擇生活污水處理技術(shù)時應(yīng)該因地制宜,綜合考慮當(dāng)?shù)氐牡匦蔚孛病⑺暮蜌夂驐l件以及經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平,以及各種污水處理技術(shù)的特點和適用范圍。實際應(yīng)用中通過科學(xué)設(shè)計、優(yōu)化組合,達(dá)到技術(shù)上的互補(bǔ),發(fā)展具有較高水力負(fù)荷和小規(guī)模設(shè)備化特征,易于操作管理的多種處理單元的復(fù)合創(chuàng)新技術(shù)。農(nóng)村污水處理方興未艾,任重道遠(yuǎn),將科學(xué)、社會因素有機(jī)結(jié)合,可大大提高農(nóng)村水環(huán)境治理成效,因此,除技術(shù)研發(fā)外,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)以下方面工作:

1發(fā)揮院落式單元處理作用。建議每家每戶建設(shè)化糞池,對廁所污水、洗浴污水和餐飲污水進(jìn)行初步處理。

2加強(qiáng)污水處理工藝或設(shè)施的運(yùn)管技術(shù)研究,進(jìn)一步開發(fā)適合于農(nóng)村的易操作、少維護(hù)、低成本的運(yùn)行模式、工藝。

3農(nóng)村污水處理后可進(jìn)行資源回用。由于農(nóng)村生活污水主要為NP等營養(yǎng)元素,經(jīng)處理后可就近用于農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉。

4提高農(nóng)民生態(tài)環(huán)保意識。開展推廣使用生物菌肥、有機(jī)肥宣傳教育活動,引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民減少化學(xué)肥料使用。


農(nóng)村生活污水


5逐步建立相應(yīng)的法律法規(guī)。根據(jù)我國農(nóng)村實際,參考相關(guān)環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn),制定適合于我國的相關(guān)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)程,同時,制定相關(guān)政策法規(guī),完善獎懲政策,將農(nóng)村水污染治理納入法制化的軌道。

衡水市衡美水處理設(shè)備有限公司,專營 淺層砂過濾器 過濾器 全自動加藥裝置 原水處理設(shè)備 等業(yè)務(wù),有意向的客戶請咨詢我們,聯(lián)系電話:0318-2987119

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