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工業廢水中氨氮處理方法比較分析(上)

2022-06-06  來自: 環保水圈 瀏覽次數:488

近年來,我國社會經濟高速發展,對礦產資源尤其是稀土資源產生了巨大需求。然而,稀土冶煉過程中會產生大量高氨氮廢水。我國已將氨氮納入了“十二五”環境污染物約束性控制指標,對冶煉行業廢水排放制定了更為嚴格的標準,規定從2012年開始,鉛鋅行業廢水氨氮直接排放標準需控制8mg/L以下。在此背景下,如何選用經濟的方法對其進行處理,已成為水污染控制工程技術研究方向。

工業廢水

目前,工業氨氮廢水處理的方法主要有物理化學方法和生物方法,其中,常用的吹脫法、吸附法、膜技術、化學沉淀法、化學氧化法屬于物理化學方法。生物方法可分為傳統硝化反硝化法和新型的短程硝化反硝化法、同時硝化反硝化法、厭氧氨氧化法等。

但是由于水質指標的不同和工藝條件的限制,針對不同類別的廢水,采用的處理技術有很大差異,如在高濃度氨氮廢水處理過程中常采用吹脫-生物法、吹脫-折點氯化法、化學沉淀-生物法等;而在低濃度氨氮廢水處理中考慮到成本和效益問題常采用吸附法、生物法等。將對含氨氮廢水不同處理技術及其效果等進行分析總結,為其工業化處理過程中在選擇工藝方法和設計參數時提供參考。

一、高濃度氨氮廢水處理技術

高濃度氨氮廢水是指氨氮質量濃度大于500mg/L的廢水。伴隨石油、化工、冶金、食品和制藥等工業的發展,以及人民生活水平的不斷提高,工業廢水城市生活污水中氨氮的含量急劇上升,呈現氨氮污染源多、排放量大,并且排放的濃度加大的特點。目前針對高氨氮廢水的處理技術主要使用吹脫法、化學沉淀法等。

1吹脫法

將空氣通入廢水中,使廢水中溶解性氣體和易揮發性溶質由液相轉入氣相,使廢水得到處理的過程稱為吹脫。

吹脫法的基本原理是氣液相平衡和傳質速度理論。將氨氮廢水pH調節至堿性,此時,銨離子轉化為氨分子,再向水中通入氣體,使其與液體充分接觸,廢水中溶解的氣體和揮發性氨分子穿過氣液界面,轉至氣相,從而達到去除氨氮的目的。常用空氣或水蒸氣作載氣,前者稱為空氣吹脫,后者稱為蒸汽吹脫。

蒸汽吹脫法效率較高,氨氮去除率能達到百分之九十以上,但能耗較大,一般應用在煉鋼、化肥、石油化工等行業,其優點是可回收利用氨,經過吹脫處理后可回收到氨質量分數達百分之三十以上的氨水。空氣吹脫法的效率雖比蒸汽法的低,但能耗低、設備簡單、操作方便。在氨氮總量不高的情況下,采用空氣吹脫法比較經濟,同時可用硫酸作吸收劑吸收吹脫出的氨氮,生成的硫酸銨可制成化肥。但是在大規模的氨吹脫-汽提塔生產過程中,產生水垢是較棘手的問題。通過安裝噴淋水系統可有效解決軟質水垢問題,可是對于硬質水垢,噴淋裝置也無法消除。此外,低溫時氨氮去除率低,吹脫的氣體形成二次污染。因此,吹脫法一般與其他氨氮廢水處理方法聯合運用,用吹脫法對高濃度氨氮廢水進行預處理

許多學者對吹脫法用于不同的氨氮廢水處理進行了實驗研究,分別得到吹脫工藝條件

通過對比分析可以得出:

1)吹脫法普遍適宜的pH11附近;

2)考慮經濟因素,溫度在30~40℃附近較為可行,且處理率高;

3)吹脫時間為3h左右;

4)氣液比在50001左右效果較好,且吹脫溫度越高,氣液比越小;

5)吹脫后廢水的濃度可降低到中低濃度;

6)脫氮率基本保持百分之九十以上。盡管吹脫法可以將大部分氨氮脫除,但處理后的廢水中氨氮仍然高達100mg/L以上,無法直接排放,還需要后續深度處理。

2化學沉淀法(磷酸銨鎂沉淀法)

化學沉淀法的原理,是向氨氮污水中投加含Mg2+PO43-藥劑,使污水中的氨氮和磷以鳥糞石(磷酸銨鎂)的形式沉淀出來,同時回收污水中的氮和磷。

化學沉淀法的優點主要表現在:工藝設計操作相對簡單反應穩定,受外界環境影響小,抗沖擊能力強脫氮率高,生成的磷酸銨鎂可作為無機復合肥使用,因此解決了氮的回收和二次污染的問題,具有良好的經濟和環境效益。

磷酸銨鎂沉淀法適用于處理氨氮濃度較高的工業廢水,總結了一些使用化學沉淀法處理氨氮廢水的案例

磷酸銨鎂沉淀法處理氨氮廢水的適宜條件是:pH約為9.0nP)∶nN)∶nMg)在111.2左右,磷酸銨鎂沉淀法的脫氮率能維持在較高水平,普遍能夠達到百分之九十以上。

二、低濃度氨氮工業廢水處理技術

由于技術和處理成本方面的原因,我國許多企業在排放污水時僅對COD進行深度處理,而往往忽略了對低濃度氨氮的處理。廢水中氨氮的構成主要有兩種,一種是氨水形成的氨氮,一種是無機氨形成的氨氮,主要是硫酸銨、氯化銨等。氨氮是造成水體富營養化的重要因素之一,對這類污水進行回收利用時還會對管道中的金屬產生腐蝕作用,縮短設備和管道的壽命,增加維護成本。目前工業上常用于處理低濃度氨氮的技術主要有吸附法、折點氯化法、生物法、膜技術等。

1吸附法

吸附是一種或幾種物質(稱為吸附物)的濃度在另一種物質(稱為吸附劑)表面上自動發生變化的過程,其實質是物質從液相或氣相到固體表面的一種傳質現象。

吸附法是處理低濃度氨氮廢水較有發展前景的方法之一。吸附法常利用多孔性固體作為吸附劑,根據吸附原理不同可分為物理吸附、化學吸附和交換吸附。處理低濃度氨氮廢水較為理想的是離子交換吸附法,它屬于交換吸附方法的一種,利用吸附劑上的可交換離子與廢水中的NH4+發生交換并吸附NH3分子以達到去除水中氨的目的,這是一個可逆過程,離子間的濃度差和吸附劑對離子的親和力為吸附過程提供動力。

具有良好吸附性能且常用的吸附劑有:沸石、活性炭、煤炭、離子交換樹脂等,根據其吸附原理的不同,這些吸附材料對不同吸附物的吸附效果不同。

該法一般只適用于低濃度氨氮廢水,而對于高濃度的氨氮廢水,使用吸附法會因吸附劑更換頻繁而造成操作困難,因此需要結合其他工藝來協同完成脫氮過程。

供吸附法使用的吸附劑很多,但不同吸附劑對廢水中氨氮的吸附量卻有很大不同,表3對比了部分吸附劑的吸附效果。

由表3可以看出,對于傳統的吸附劑如沸石、交換樹脂等,其對氨氮的處理率較高,一般能達到百分之九十以上。

2折點氯化法

折點氯化法是污水處理工程中常用的一種脫氮工藝,其原理是將通入氨氮廢水中達到某一臨界點,使氨氮氧化為氮氣的化學過程,其反應方程式為:

NH4++1.5HOCl0.5N2+1.5H2O+2.5H++1.5Cl-

折點氯化法的優點為:處理效率高且效果穩定,去除率高;該方法不受鹽含量干擾,不受水溫影響,操作方便;有機物含量越少時氨氮處理效果越好,不產生沉淀;初期投資少,反應迅速完全;能對水體起到殺菌消毒的作用。但是折點氯化法僅適用于低濃度廢水的處理,因此多用于氨氮廢水的深度處理。該方法的缺點是:消耗量大,費用較高,且貯存和使用的要求較高,反應副產物氯胺和氯代有機物會對環境造成二次污染。宋衛鋒等針對含鈷廢水氨氮高、含鹽量高、難以生化處理等特征,采用折點氯化法進行了實驗室研究和工程實踐。原水水質采用的是西北某鎳鈷生產基地某車間生產的廢水,當廢水中七成的氨氮經吹脫工藝去除后,再經折點氯化法處理,出水氨氮質量濃度<15mg

黃海明等在采用折點氯化法去除NH4+-N的研究過程中,采用模擬廢水和實際廢水相結合的實驗方式進行研究,結果表明針對不同初始濃度的廢水,當pH=7Cl-NH4+質量濃度比為71,反應時間為10~15min左右時,NH4+-N去除率高

衡水市衡美水處理設備有限公司,專營 淺層砂過濾器 過濾器 全自動加藥裝置 原水處理設備 等業務,有意向的客戶請咨詢我們,聯系電話:0318-2987119

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