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廢水處理技術(shù)解析(二)

2022-03-24  來自: 中國水網(wǎng) 瀏覽次數(shù):729

四、什么是環(huán)保110”?

針對當(dāng)前環(huán)保行政執(zhí)法和環(huán)境管理與群眾投訴不相適應(yīng)的狀況,上海市開通了環(huán)保應(yīng)急熱線62863110,即所謂的“環(huán)保110”。今后電話號碼將簡化為63110(“綠色110”的諧音)。這是全國環(huán)保系統(tǒng)中“環(huán)保110”的開始。隨著環(huán)保力度的加強(qiáng),全國各地將先后推行環(huán)保應(yīng)急熱線。


廢水


環(huán)保應(yīng)急熱線的職責(zé)范圍是:受理和組織在全市范圍內(nèi)發(fā)生的重大污染事故受理對排污單位污染非法排放的舉報,如偷排、直排等;受理和處理由環(huán)境問題引發(fā)的可能造成社會不穩(wěn)定的事件;協(xié)助有關(guān)部門處理可能對環(huán)境造成影響的重大事件;其它無需到現(xiàn)場處理的環(huán)境污染問題,環(huán)保應(yīng)急熱線可24小時接受上述范圍內(nèi)的全市群眾的投訴。

對于污染排放單位來說,環(huán)保110的開通既是壓力又是動力,我們只有認(rèn)真做好污染的管理和治理工作,才能經(jīng)受住環(huán)保執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)和群眾的監(jiān)督考驗(yàn)。

五、清潔生產(chǎn)管理包括那幾項(xiàng)工作?

廢水和其中的污染物是生產(chǎn)工藝過程的產(chǎn)物,因此改革生產(chǎn)工藝,實(shí)行清潔生產(chǎn)是消滅或減少廢水

危害的根本措施。通過工藝及設(shè)備的改革可以把廢水消滅于生產(chǎn)過程之中,這樣既可以提高原輔材料的利用率,又可減少廢水的處理費(fèi)用。這方面工作應(yīng)由生產(chǎn)工藝工程師及環(huán)境工程師共同合作完成。應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到保護(hù)環(huán)境不只是環(huán)境工程師的工作,而是要從污染源頭進(jìn)行控制,這樣才能把廢水治理好。因此,在工藝設(shè)計、產(chǎn)品試制時就要考慮今后可能發(fā)生的環(huán)境污染問題。在選擇合成路線時,盡量采用無公害、少公害的生產(chǎn)工藝,要選擇原料利用率高的路線,在生產(chǎn)工藝中不用或少用生物難降解性物質(zhì)或有毒有害物質(zhì),包括原輔材料及溶劑,并加強(qiáng)溶劑及副產(chǎn)品的回收及綜合利用工作。具體的辦法大致有下列幾種:

1采用新工藝、新技術(shù)、新路線

采用新工藝、新技術(shù)、新路線。首先可對生產(chǎn)工藝中配料比作一核實(shí),應(yīng)把污染較大,而又超過理論配比的原料降低,以增加原料的利用率以及廢水的可處理性。

在化工生產(chǎn)中,有時采取了新的路線,不但可提高生產(chǎn)水平,也可以解決廢水處理問題。例如以往抗結(jié)核藥物原料,需由硫酸作電解液進(jìn)行電解氧化制備,過程中產(chǎn)生的酸性廢水水量較大且較難處理。現(xiàn)采用空氣催化氧化新技術(shù),在流化床中進(jìn)行反應(yīng),廢水水量也較少,污染問題也比較容易解決。

2更換原輔材料

這是常用的方法,如用低毒的原料代替高毒或劇毒的原料,用生物可降解物質(zhì)代替生物難降解物質(zhì)等。此外要盡可能地不用和少用排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中規(guī)定限止性物質(zhì),特別是一些要求嚴(yán)格的物質(zhì),這樣就可以減輕廢水處理的負(fù)擔(dān)。例如現(xiàn)在對廢水中的氨氮濃度有較嚴(yán)格的要求,這樣就要求在生產(chǎn)中盡可能少用氨水或液氨。例如以前在調(diào)節(jié)廢水pH時,有的處理工藝用氨水調(diào)節(jié),則出水中的氨氮就會大大超標(biāo),也增加了廢水的生化處理的難度。同樣的原理我們應(yīng)少用重鉻酸鉀做氧化劑,少用硝基化合物、氯代烴做溶劑。

在選用溶劑時,除了需滿足生產(chǎn)工藝上的要求外,還需考慮溶劑的生物可降解性及其毒性。

從上述要求來說,其選用的優(yōu)先秩序見下表。

溶劑選擇優(yōu)先秩序表

優(yōu)先使用

甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、醋酸、醋酸乙酯、甘油、乙二醇。

可以使用:

苯、甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、甲酰胺。

避免使用:

叔丁醇、二甲亞砜(DMSO)、三乙胺、二甲基苯胺、氯仿*、四氯化碳*吡啶*、嗎啉、四氫呋喃、

注:*表示對微生物有毒性作用

3選用新的后處理工藝,將污染減輕或消滅在生產(chǎn)工藝中

這種方法對于從事化學(xué)化工生產(chǎn)的技術(shù)人員來說,是大有用武之地的。例如,在有機(jī)合成工業(yè)中,常用加水稀釋反應(yīng)物料的方法(水析)使反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物從反應(yīng)有機(jī)溶劑中析出,水析所產(chǎn)生的母液,由于水量較大,其中有機(jī)溶劑(如甲醇、乙醇等水溶性溶劑)較難回收,帶入廢水流中造成污染。如果在稀釋前,先用蒸餾法回收大部分溶劑,再用水稀釋,則廢水中有機(jī)物的含量可明顯下降。

為了使所得的產(chǎn)品保證較好的質(zhì)量,反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物或中間產(chǎn)物常需進(jìn)行洗滌,以除去產(chǎn)物中夾帶的雜質(zhì)。洗滌操作是否合理,對廢水污染程度有相當(dāng)大的影響。但是,如果采用新的后處理技術(shù)即可以使洗滌廢水全部消滅于工藝操作過程中,實(shí)現(xiàn)零排污。廢水中的鹽分含量太高會控制微生物的生長繁殖,影響生化處理的效果。我們也可以采用新的后處理工藝來解決廢水處理中的這一難點(diǎn)。例如某廠將對硝基在甲醇溶劑中與氫氧化鈉反應(yīng)制備對甲醚。原先的后處理操作工藝是用水洗滌去除反應(yīng)物料中的NaCl鹽分,該操作的結(jié)果是廢水水量大,廢水中的鹽分含量高,導(dǎo)致后續(xù)的生化處理發(fā)生困難。后來該廠改進(jìn)了后處理的操作工藝,先將反應(yīng)物料(有機(jī)相)中的NaCl過濾掉,再用水洗滌并析出對甲醚,改進(jìn)后的操作工藝不僅可以減少廢水水量的百分之五十,而且可以回收廢水中鹽分的97.4/100,削減廢水有機(jī)負(fù)荷58.7/100,廢水的生物降解性能得到了很大的改善。

4加強(qiáng)溶劑回收工作

在大多數(shù)化工原料生產(chǎn)廠,溶劑在原輔料中的使用比例是相當(dāng)高的,可以說,許多生產(chǎn)廢水中的有機(jī)負(fù)荷基本上來自溶劑,因此,重視和做好溶劑的回收工作不僅是防治污染、減少污染的重要措施,也是降本增效、提高利潤的重要途徑,具有環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)的雙重效益。如上海某制藥廠,有機(jī)負(fù)荷(COD)的日排放總量為8噸,是地區(qū)的污染大戶。該廠的環(huán)保治理首先從溶劑的回收工作做起,將含有相同溶劑的母液廢水集中起來加以回收,結(jié)果廢水中的有機(jī)負(fù)荷日排放總量從8噸降至3噸,回收溶劑的收益超過了廢水處理站的運(yùn)行費(fèi)用。

六、廢水分析中為什么經(jīng)常使用CODBOD這二個污染指標(biāo)

廢水中有許多有機(jī)物質(zhì),含有十幾種、幾十種,甚至上百種有機(jī)物質(zhì)的廢水也是能經(jīng)常遇到的,如果對廢水中的有機(jī)物質(zhì)一一進(jìn)行定性定量的分析,既耗時間,又耗藥品。那么能不能只用一個污染指標(biāo)來表示廢水中所有的有機(jī)物質(zhì)及其它們的數(shù)量呢?環(huán)境科學(xué)工作者經(jīng)過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),所有的有機(jī)物質(zhì)都有二個共性:一是它們至少都由碳?xì)浣M成;二是絕大多數(shù)的有機(jī)物質(zhì)能夠化學(xué)氧化或被微生物氧化,它們的碳和氫分別與氧形成二氧化碳和水。廢水中的有機(jī)物質(zhì)不論是在化學(xué)氧化過程中還是在生物氧化過程中都要消耗氧,廢水中的有機(jī)物質(zhì)愈多,則消耗的氧量也愈多,二者之間是呈正比例關(guān)系的。于是環(huán)境科學(xué)工作者們將廢水用化學(xué)藥劑氧化時所消耗的氧量稱為化學(xué)需氧量,即COD;而將廢水用微生物氧化所消耗的氧量稱為生物需氧量,即BOD。由于CODBOD能夠綜合性地反映廢水中所有有機(jī)物質(zhì)的數(shù)量,且分析比較簡單,因此被廣泛地應(yīng)用于廢水分析和環(huán)境工程上。

實(shí)際上,COD并不是單單表示水中的有機(jī)物質(zhì)的,它還能表示水中具有還原性質(zhì)的無機(jī)物質(zhì),如:硫化物、亞鐵離子、亞硫酸鈉,甚至氯根離子等。譬如講,如果鐵炭池出水中的亞鐵離子在中和池中沒能完全被去除掉的話,則生化處理出水中由于有亞鐵離子的存在,出水COD可能會超標(biāo)。

七、什么叫COD(化學(xué)需氧量)?

化學(xué)需氧量(COD)是指廢水中能被氧化的物質(zhì)在被化學(xué)氧化劑氧化時,所需要的氧量,以氧的毫克/升作為單位。它是目前用來測定廢水中有機(jī)物含量的一種常用手段。COD分析中常用的氧化劑有高錳酸鉀(錳法CODMn)和重鉻酸鉀(鉻法CODCr),現(xiàn)在常用重鉻酸鉀法。廢水在強(qiáng)酸加熱沸騰回流條件下對有機(jī)物實(shí)行氧化,用硫酸銀作催化劑時可以使大多數(shù)的有機(jī)物的氧化率提高到百分之九十五。如果廢水中含有較高濃度的氯根離子,應(yīng)該用硫酸汞將氯離子屏蔽掉,以減少對COD的測定干擾。

八、什么叫BOD5(生化需氧量)?

生化需氧量也可以表征廢水被有機(jī)物污染的程度,常用的為五日生化需氧量,以BOD5表示,它表示廢水在微生物存在下進(jìn)行生化降解五日內(nèi)所需要的氧的數(shù)量。今后我們將經(jīng)常使用五日生化需氧量。

九、CODBOD5之間有什么關(guān)系?

有的有機(jī)物是可以被生物氧化降解的(如葡萄糖和乙醇),有的有機(jī)物只能部分被生物氧化降解(如甲醇),而有的有機(jī)物是不能被生物氧化降解的而且還具有毒性(如銀杏酚、銀杏酸、某些表面活性劑)。因此,我們可以把水中的有機(jī)物分成二個部分,即可以生化降解的有機(jī)物和不可生化降解的有機(jī)物。

通常認(rèn)為COD基本上可表示水中的所有的有機(jī)物。而BOD為水中可以生物降解的有機(jī)物,因此CODBOD的差值可以表示廢水中生物不可降解部分的有機(jī)物。

十、什么叫B/CB/C表示什么意義?

B/CBOD5COD比值的縮寫,該比值可以表示廢水的可生化降解特性。如果CODNB表示COD中的不可生物降解部分,則廢水中不可為微生物生物降解的有機(jī)物所占的比例可用CODNB/COD表示。

BOD5/CODCODNB/COD之間有如下表所示的關(guān)系:

CODNB/COD0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8

BOD5/COD0.520.460.410.350.290.230.170.12

當(dāng)BOD5/COD0.45時,不可生物降解的有機(jī)物僅僅占全部有機(jī)物的百分之二十以下,而當(dāng)BOD5/COD0.2時,不可生物降解的有機(jī)物已占全部有機(jī)物的百分之六十以上。

因此,BOD5/COD值常常被作為有機(jī)物生物降解性的評價指標(biāo)。

B/C在環(huán)境工程上有著非常重要而實(shí)用的意義。

衡水市衡美水處理設(shè)備有限公司,專營 淺層砂過濾器 過濾器 全自動加藥裝置 原水處理設(shè)備 等業(yè)務(wù),有意向的客戶請咨詢我們,聯(lián)系電話:0318-2987119

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