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水處理工程師必懂的廢水處理基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)(二)

2022-02-28  來(lái)自: 環(huán)保水圈 瀏覽次數(shù):832

四、什么是環(huán)保110”?

針對(duì)當(dāng)前環(huán)保行政執(zhí)法和環(huán)境管理與群眾投訴不相適應(yīng)的狀況,上海市開通了環(huán)保應(yīng)急熱線62863110,即所謂的“環(huán)保110”。今后電話號(hào)碼將簡(jiǎn)化為63110(“綠色110”的諧音)。這是全國(guó)環(huán)保系統(tǒng)中的“環(huán)保110”。隨著環(huán)保力度的加強(qiáng),全國(guó)各地將先后推行環(huán)保應(yīng)急熱線。

水處理工程師

環(huán)保應(yīng)急熱線的職責(zé)范圍是:受理和組織在全市范圍內(nèi)發(fā)生的重大污染事故受理對(duì)排污單位污染非法排放的舉報(bào),如偷排、直排等;受理和處理由環(huán)境問(wèn)題引發(fā)的可能造成社會(huì)不穩(wěn)定的事件;協(xié)助有關(guān)部門處理可能對(duì)環(huán)境造成影響的重大事件;其它無(wú)需到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)處理的環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題,環(huán)保應(yīng)急熱線可24小時(shí)接受上述范圍內(nèi)的全市群眾的投訴。

對(duì)于污染排放單位來(lái)說(shuō),環(huán)保110的開通既是壓力又是動(dòng)力,我們只有認(rèn)真做好污染的管理和治理工作,才能經(jīng)受住環(huán)保執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)和群眾的監(jiān)督考驗(yàn)。

五、清潔生產(chǎn)管理包括那幾項(xiàng)工作?

廢水和其中的污染物是生產(chǎn)工藝過(guò)程的產(chǎn)物,因此改革生產(chǎn)工藝,實(shí)行清潔生產(chǎn)是消滅或減少?gòu)U水危害的根本措施。通過(guò)工藝及設(shè)備的改革可以把廢水消滅于生產(chǎn)過(guò)程之中,這樣既可以提高原輔材料的利用率,又可減少?gòu)U水的處理費(fèi)用。這方面工作應(yīng)由生產(chǎn)工藝工程師及環(huán)境工程師共同合作完成。應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到保護(hù)環(huán)境不只是環(huán)境工程師的工作,而是要從污染源頭進(jìn)行控制,這樣才能把廢水治理好。因此,在工藝設(shè)計(jì)、產(chǎn)品試制時(shí)就要考慮今后可能發(fā)生的環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題。在選擇合成路線時(shí),盡量采用無(wú)公害、少公害的生產(chǎn)工藝,要選擇原料利用率高的路線,在生產(chǎn)工藝中不用或少用生物難降解性物質(zhì)或有毒有害物質(zhì),包括原輔材料及溶劑,并加強(qiáng)溶劑及副產(chǎn)品的回收及綜合利用工作。具體的辦法大致有下列幾種:

1采用新工藝、新技術(shù)、新路線

采用新工藝、新技術(shù)、新路線。首先可對(duì)生產(chǎn)工藝中配料比作一核實(shí),應(yīng)把污染較大,而又超過(guò)理論配比的原料降低,以增加原料的利用率以及廢水的可處理性。

在化工生產(chǎn)中,有時(shí)采取了新的路線,不但可提高生產(chǎn)水平,也可以解決廢水處理問(wèn)題。例如以往抗結(jié)核藥物原料,需由硫酸作電解液進(jìn)行電解氧化制備,過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的酸性廢水水量較大且較難處理。現(xiàn)采用空氣催化氧化新技術(shù),在流化床中進(jìn)行反應(yīng),廢水水量也較少,污染問(wèn)題也比較容易解決。

2更換原輔材料

這是常用的方法,如用低毒的原料代替高毒或劇毒的原料,用生物可降解物質(zhì)代替生物難降解物質(zhì)等。此外要盡可能地不用和少用排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中規(guī)定限止性物質(zhì),特別是一些要求嚴(yán)格的物質(zhì),這樣就可以減輕廢水處理的負(fù)擔(dān)。例如現(xiàn)在對(duì)廢水中的氨氮濃度有較嚴(yán)格的要求,這樣就要求在生產(chǎn)中盡可能少用氨水或液氨。例如以前在調(diào)節(jié)廢水pH時(shí),有的處理工藝用氨水調(diào)節(jié),則出水中的氨氮就會(huì)大大超標(biāo),也增加了廢水的生化處理的難度。同樣的原理我們應(yīng)少用重鉻酸鉀做氧化劑,少用硝基化合物、氯代烴做溶劑。

在選用溶劑時(shí),除了需滿足生產(chǎn)工藝上的要求外,還需考慮溶劑的生物可降解性及其毒性。

3選用新的后處理工藝,將污染減輕或消滅在生產(chǎn)工藝中

這種方法對(duì)于從事化學(xué)化工生產(chǎn)的技術(shù)人員來(lái)說(shuō),是大有用武之地的。例如,在有機(jī)合成工業(yè)中,常用加水稀釋反應(yīng)物料的方法(水析)使反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物從反應(yīng)有機(jī)溶劑中析出,水析所產(chǎn)生的母液,由于水量較大,其中有機(jī)溶劑(如甲醇、乙醇等水溶性溶劑)較難回收,帶入廢水流中造成污染。如果在稀釋前,先用蒸餾法回收大部分溶劑,再用水稀釋,則廢水中有機(jī)物的含量可明顯下降。

為了使所得的產(chǎn)品保證較好的質(zhì)量,反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物或中間產(chǎn)物常需進(jìn)行洗滌,以除去產(chǎn)物中夾帶的雜質(zhì)。洗滌操作是否合理,對(duì)廢水污染程度有相當(dāng)大的影響。但是,如果采用新的后處理技術(shù)即可以使洗滌廢水全部消滅于工藝操作過(guò)程中,實(shí)現(xiàn)零排污。廢水中的鹽分含量太高會(huì)控制微生物的生長(zhǎng)繁殖,影響生化處理的效果。我們也可以采用新的后處理工藝來(lái)解決廢水處理中的這一難點(diǎn)。例如某廠將對(duì)硝基在甲醇溶劑中與氫氧化鈉反應(yīng)制備對(duì)甲醚。原先的后處理操作工藝是用水洗滌去除反應(yīng)物料中的NaCl鹽分,該操作的結(jié)果是廢水水量大,廢水中的鹽分含量高,導(dǎo)致后續(xù)的生化處理發(fā)生困難。后來(lái)該廠改進(jìn)了后處理的操作工藝,先將反應(yīng)物料(有機(jī)相)中的NaCl過(guò)濾掉,再用水洗滌并析出對(duì)甲醚,改進(jìn)后的操作工藝不僅可以減少?gòu)U水水量的百分之五十,而且可以回收廢水中鹽分,削減廢水有機(jī)負(fù)荷,廢水的生物降解性能得到了很大改善。

4加強(qiáng)溶劑回收工作

在大多數(shù)化工原料生產(chǎn)廠,溶劑在原輔料中的使用比例是相當(dāng)高的,可以說(shuō),許多生產(chǎn)廢水中的有機(jī)負(fù)荷基本上來(lái)自溶劑,因此,重視和做好溶劑的回收工作不僅是防治污染、減少污染的重要措施,也是降本增效、提高利潤(rùn)的重要途徑,具有環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)的雙重效益。如上海某制藥廠,有機(jī)負(fù)荷(COD)的日排放總量為8噸,是地區(qū)的污染大戶。該廠的環(huán)保治理首先從溶劑的回收工作做起,將含有相同溶劑的母液廢水集中起來(lái)加以回收,結(jié)果廢水中的有機(jī)負(fù)荷日排放總量從8噸降至3噸,回收溶劑的收益超過(guò)了廢水處理站的運(yùn)行費(fèi)用。

衡水市衡美水處理設(shè)備有限公司,專營(yíng) 淺層砂過(guò)濾器 過(guò)濾器 全自動(dòng)加藥裝置 原水處理設(shè)備 等業(yè)務(wù),有意向的客戶請(qǐng)咨詢我們,聯(lián)系電話:0318-2987119

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