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給排水***知識100問(二)

2020-05-21  來自: 衡美水處理公眾平臺 瀏覽次數(shù):1251

如何進(jìn)行水處理

衡美水處理為您介紹一項環(huán)水處理***知識——給排水***知識100問。

給排水

26、輸水管材應(yīng)如何選擇?

答:輸配水管道材質(zhì)的選擇,應(yīng)根據(jù)管徑、內(nèi)壓、外部荷載和管道敷設(shè)區(qū)的地形、地質(zhì)、管材的供應(yīng),按照運行安全、耐久、減少漏損、施工維護(hù)方便、經(jīng)濟(jì)合理以及清水管道防止二次污染的原則,進(jìn)行技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、安全等綜合分析確定。

27、金屬管道防腐應(yīng)注意哪些問題?

答:金屬管道內(nèi)防腐宜采用水泥砂漿襯里,外防腐宜采用環(huán)氧煤瀝青、膠粘帶等涂料。

金屬管道敷設(shè)在腐蝕性土中以及電氣化鐵路附近或其他有雜散電流存在的地區(qū)時,為防止發(fā)生電化學(xué)腐蝕,應(yīng)采取陰極保護(hù)措施(外加電流陰極保護(hù)或犧牲陽極)。

28、清水調(diào)節(jié)池的容積如何確定?

答:清水池的有效容積,應(yīng)根據(jù)產(chǎn)水曲線、送水曲線、自用水量及消防儲備水量等確定,并滿足消毒接觸時間的要求。當(dāng)管網(wǎng)無調(diào)節(jié)構(gòu)筑物時,在缺乏資料情況下,可按水廠高日設(shè)計水量的10%20%確定。

29、水源選擇應(yīng)符合哪些要求?

答:水源的選用應(yīng)通過技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較后綜合考慮確定,并應(yīng)符合下列要求:

水體功能區(qū)劃所規(guī)定的取水地段;可取水量充沛可靠;原水水質(zhì)符合***有關(guān)現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn);與農(nóng)業(yè)、水利綜合利用;取水、輸水、凈水設(shè)施安全經(jīng)濟(jì)和維護(hù)方便;具有施工條件。

30簡述取水工程的任務(wù)?

答:取水工程是給水工程的重要組成部分之一。它的任務(wù)是從水源地取水,并送至水廠或用戶。

31、地下水、地表水作為供水水源應(yīng)分別滿足哪些要求?

答:用地下水作為供水水源時,應(yīng)有確切的水文地質(zhì)資料,取水量***小于允許開采量,嚴(yán)禁盲目開采。地下水開采后,不引起水位持續(xù)下降、水質(zhì)惡化及地面沉降。

用地表水作為城市供水水源時,其設(shè)計枯水流量的年保證率應(yīng)根據(jù)城市規(guī)模和工業(yè)大用戶的重要性選定,宜采用90%97%

32、地下水取水構(gòu)筑物的位置應(yīng)符合哪些要求?

答:位于水質(zhì)好、不易受污染的富水地段;盡量靠近主要用水地區(qū);施工、運行和維護(hù)方便;盡量避開地震區(qū)、地質(zhì)災(zāi)害區(qū)和礦產(chǎn)采空區(qū)。

33、簡述地下取水構(gòu)筑物型式及適用條件?

答:管井適用于含水層厚度大于4m,底板埋藏深度大于8m;大口井適用于含水層厚度在5m左右,底板埋藏深度小于15m;滲渠僅適用于含水層厚度小于5m,渠底埋藏深度小于6m;泉室適用于有泉水露頭,流量穩(wěn)定,且覆蓋層厚度小于5m

34、地下水取水構(gòu)筑物的設(shè)計應(yīng)滿足哪些要求?

答:有防止地面污水和非取水層水滲入的措施;在取水構(gòu)筑物的周圍,根據(jù)地下水開采影響范圍設(shè)置水源保護(hù)區(qū),并禁止建設(shè)各種對地下水有污染的設(shè)施;過濾器有良好的進(jìn)水條件,結(jié)構(gòu)堅固,抗腐蝕性強(qiáng),不易堵塞;大口井、滲渠和泉室應(yīng)有通風(fēng)設(shè)施。

35、大口井的深度及直徑如何確定?

答:大口井的深度不宜大于15m,其直徑應(yīng)根據(jù)設(shè)計水量、抽水設(shè)備布置和便于施工等因素確定,但不宜超過10m

36、防止大口井水質(zhì)被污染的措施有哪些?

答:進(jìn)人孔應(yīng)采用密封的蓋板,蓋板頂高出地面不得小于0.5m

井口周圍應(yīng)設(shè)不透水的散水坡,其寬度一般為1.5m;在滲透土壤中散水坡下面還應(yīng)填厚度不小于1.5m的粘土層,或采用其他等效的防滲措施。

37、滲渠中管渠的斷面尺寸如何確定?

答:水流速度為0.50.8m/s;充滿度為0.40.8;內(nèi)徑或短邊長度不小于600mm;管底小坡度大于或等于0.2%

38、地表水取水構(gòu)筑物位置的選擇應(yīng)滿足那些要求?

答:位于水質(zhì)較好的地帶;靠近主流,有足夠的水深,有穩(wěn)定的河床及岸邊,有良好的工程地質(zhì)條件;盡可能不受泥沙、漂浮物、冰凌、冰絮等影響;不妨礙航運和排洪,并符合河道、湖泊、水庫整治規(guī)劃的要求;盡量靠近主要用水地區(qū);

供生活飲用水的地表水取水構(gòu)筑物的位置,應(yīng)位于城鎮(zhèn)和工業(yè)企業(yè)上游的清潔河段。

39、岸邊式取水泵房進(jìn)口地坪的設(shè)計標(biāo)高如何確定?

答:當(dāng)泵房在渠道邊時,為設(shè)計高水位加0.5m;當(dāng)泵房在江河邊時,為設(shè)計高水位加浪高再加0.5m,必要時尚應(yīng)增設(shè)防止浪爬高的措施;泵房在湖泊、水庫或海邊時,為設(shè)計高水位加浪高再加0.5m,并應(yīng)設(shè)防止浪爬高的措施。

40、簡述取水構(gòu)筑物進(jìn)水口的高度是如何規(guī)定的?

答:(1)位于江河上的取水構(gòu)筑物底層進(jìn)水孔下緣距河床的高度,應(yīng)根據(jù)河流釣水文和泥沙特性以及河床穩(wěn)定程度等因素確定,并應(yīng)分別遵守下列規(guī)定:

側(cè)面進(jìn)水孔不得小于0.5m,當(dāng)水深較淺、水質(zhì)較清、河床穩(wěn)定、取水量不大時,其高度可減至0.3m;頂面進(jìn)水孔不得小于1.0m

2)取水構(gòu)筑物淹沒進(jìn)水孔上緣在設(shè)計低水位下的深度,應(yīng)根據(jù)河流的水文、冰情和漂浮物等因素通過水力計算確定,并應(yīng)分別遵守下列規(guī)定:

頂面進(jìn)水時,不得小于0.5m;側(cè)面進(jìn)水時,不得小于0.3m

虹吸進(jìn)水時,不宜小于1.0m,當(dāng)水體封凍時,可減至0.5m

41、取水構(gòu)筑物進(jìn)水孔格柵的柵條間距如何確定?

答:取水構(gòu)筑物進(jìn)水孔應(yīng)設(shè)置格柵,柵條間凈距應(yīng)根據(jù)取水量大小、冰絮和漂浮物等情況確定,小型取水構(gòu)筑物宜為3050mm,大、中型取水構(gòu)筑物宜為80120mm。當(dāng)江河中冰絮或漂浮物較多時,柵條間凈距宜取大值。

42、取水構(gòu)筑物進(jìn)水孔格柵的過柵流速如何確定?

答:進(jìn)水孔的過柵流速,應(yīng)根據(jù)水中漂浮物數(shù)量、有無冰絮、取水地點的水流速度、取水量大小、檢查和清理格柵的方便等因素確定,宜采用下列數(shù)據(jù):

岸邊式取水構(gòu)筑物,有冰絮時為0.20.6m/s;無冰絮時為0.41.0m/s;河床式取水構(gòu)筑物,有冰絮時為0.10.3m/s;無冰絮時為0.20.6m/s

43、虹吸管設(shè)計應(yīng)注意的問題有哪些?

答:進(jìn)水自流管或虹吸管的數(shù)量及其管徑,應(yīng)根據(jù)低水位,通過水力計算確定。其數(shù)量不宜少于兩條。當(dāng)一條管道停止工作時,其余管道通過的流量應(yīng)滿足事故用水要求。

進(jìn)水自流管和虹吸管的設(shè)計流速,不宜小于0.6m/s。必要時,應(yīng)有清除淤積物的措施。

虹吸管宜采用鋼管。

44、采用活性炭吸附法處理水時,應(yīng)符合哪些規(guī)定?

答:粉末活性炭投加點宜根據(jù)水處理工藝流程綜合考慮確定,并宜加于原水中,經(jīng)過與水充分混合、接觸后,再投加混凝劑或氯。

粉末活性炭的用量應(yīng)根據(jù)試驗確定,宜為530mg/L

濕投的粉末活性炭炭漿濃度可采用5%10%(按重量計)。

粉末活性炭的貯藏、輸送和投加車間,應(yīng)有防塵、集塵和防火設(shè)施。

45、采用高錳酸鉀預(yù)氧化時,應(yīng)滿足哪些規(guī)定?

答:高錳酸鉀宜在水廠取水口加入;當(dāng)在水處理流程中投加時,先于其它水處理藥劑投加的時間不宜少于3min

經(jīng)過高錳酸鉀預(yù)氧化的水***通過濾池過濾。

高錳酸鉀預(yù)氧化的藥劑用量應(yīng)通過試驗確定并應(yīng)控制,用于去除有機(jī)微污染物、藻和控制臭味的高錳酸鉀投加量可為0.52.5mg/L

高錳酸鉀的用量在12kg/d以上時宜采用干投。濕投溶液濃度可為4%

46、簡述混凝的機(jī)理?

答:主要有三種混凝理論,分別是:

電性中和:投入混凝劑提供大量的反離子,由于反離子濃度的增加,擴(kuò)散層厚度變薄,滑動面上的電位降低,排斥勢能降低,當(dāng)排斥勢能與吸引勢能相等時便發(fā)生凝聚吸附架橋:高分子物質(zhì)的混凝劑(陽離子型、陰離子型、非離子型)有較強(qiáng)的吸附作用及鏈狀結(jié)構(gòu),與膠體形成“膠體—高分子—膠體”絮凝體,高分子物質(zhì)起架橋作用。

網(wǎng)捕或卷掃:當(dāng)鋁鹽或鐵鹽混凝劑投量很大而形成大量氫氧化物沉淀時,可以網(wǎng)捕、卷掃水中教理以致產(chǎn)生沉淀分離,稱之為卷掃或網(wǎng)捕作用。

47、簡述常用的混凝劑有哪些?

答:無機(jī)混凝劑主要包括:呂系(硫酸鋁、明礬、聚合氯化鋁(PAC)、聚合硫酸鋁(PSC)等);鐵系(三氯化鐵、硫酸亞鐵、聚合氯化鐵(PFC)、聚合硫酸鐵(PFS)等)。

有機(jī)高分子混凝劑:陽離子型、陰離子性、兩性型、非離子型。

48、隔板絮凝池設(shè)計應(yīng)符合哪些要求?

答:絮凝時間宜為2030min;絮凝池廊道的流速,應(yīng)按由大到小漸變進(jìn)行設(shè)計,起端流速宜為0.50.6m/s,末端流速宜為0.20.3m/s;隔板間凈距宜大于0.5m

49、機(jī)械絮凝池設(shè)計應(yīng)符合哪些要求?

答:絮凝時間為1520min;池內(nèi)設(shè)34擋攪拌機(jī);攪拌機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速應(yīng)根據(jù)漿板邊緣處的線速度通過計算確定,線速度宜自擋的0.5m/s逐漸變小至末擋的0.2m/s;池內(nèi)宜設(shè)防止水體短流的設(shè)施。

50、折板絮凝池設(shè)計應(yīng)符合哪些要求?

答:絮凝時間為1220min

絮凝過程中的速度應(yīng)逐段降低,分段數(shù)不宜少于三段,各段的流速可分別為:

段:0.250.35m/s;第二段:0.150.25m/s;第三段:0.100.15m/s

折板夾角采用90°~120°。

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