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三大水處理領(lǐng)域的180個(gè)常用名稱解析(三)

2023-04-05  來自: 中國水網(wǎng) 瀏覽次數(shù):469

如何進(jìn)行水處理

衡美水處理為您介紹一項(xiàng)環(huán)境保護(hù)知識(shí)——3水處理領(lǐng)域180個(gè)常用名稱解析

水處理領(lǐng)域

三、污水處理

88、生活污水

主要是人類生活中使用的各種廚房用水、洗滌用水和衛(wèi)生間用水所產(chǎn)生的排放水,多為無機(jī)鹽類,生活污水中含氮、磷、硫多,致病細(xì)菌多。

89、市政污水

排入城鎮(zhèn)污水系統(tǒng)的污水的統(tǒng)稱。載合流制排水系統(tǒng)中,還包括生產(chǎn)廢水和截留的雨水。市政污水主要包括生活污水和工業(yè)污水,由城市排水管網(wǎng)匯集并輸送到污水處理廠進(jìn)行處理。

90、工業(yè)廢水

是指工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的廢水、污水和廢液,其中含有隨水流失的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)用料、中間產(chǎn)物和產(chǎn)品以及生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的污染物

91、COD

化學(xué)需氧量,水體中能被氧化的物質(zhì)在規(guī)定條件下進(jìn)行化學(xué)氧化過程中所消耗氧化劑的量,以每升水樣消耗氧的毫克數(shù)表示,通常記為COD。

92、BOD

地面水體中微生物分解有機(jī)物的過程消耗水中的溶解氧的量,稱生化需氧量,通常記為BOD,常用單位為毫克/升。

93、BC比

表示水中污染物的可生化程度,0.1-0.25難生化,0.25-0.5可生化,>0.5易生化。

94、TOC

指水體中溶解性和懸浮性有機(jī)物含碳的總量,反映水中氧化的有機(jī)化合物的含量,單位為ppm或ppb。

95、氨氮

是指水中以游離氨(NH3)和銨離子(NH4+)形式存在的氮。

96、有機(jī)氮

與碳結(jié)合的含氮物質(zhì)的總稱,如蛋白質(zhì)、氨基酸、酰胺、尿素等。

97、凱氏氮

TKN,是指以基耶達(dá)(Kjeldahl)法測(cè)得的含氮量。它包括氨氮和在此條件下能轉(zhuǎn)化為銨鹽而被測(cè)定的有機(jī)氮化合物。

98、硝態(tài)氮

NOxˉ,是指硝酸鹽中所含有的氮元素。硝酸跟與亞硝酸根只和。

99、總氮

TN,是水中各種形態(tài)無機(jī)和有機(jī)氮的總量。

100、總磷

TP,水樣經(jīng)消解后將各種形態(tài)的磷轉(zhuǎn)變成正磷酸鹽后測(cè)定的結(jié)果,以每升水樣含磷毫克數(shù)計(jì)量。

101、次磷

H2PO2ˉ形式存在的磷酸鹽,正常化學(xué)除磷去除不了,需要轉(zhuǎn)化為硫酸根才能去除。

102、色度

是指含在水中的溶解性的物質(zhì)或膠狀物質(zhì)所呈現(xiàn)乃至黃褐色的程度。

103、格柵

用于去除水中漂浮物。

104、初沉池

又稱一沉池,污水處理中用于去除可沉物和漂浮物的構(gòu)筑物。

105、調(diào)節(jié)池

用以調(diào)節(jié)進(jìn)、出水流量的構(gòu)筑物。主要起對(duì)水量和水質(zhì)的調(diào)節(jié)作用,以及對(duì)污水pH值、水溫,有預(yù)曝氣的調(diào)節(jié)作用,還可用作事故排水。

106、事故池

事故水收集池,是污水處理過程中所需構(gòu)筑物的一種,在處理化工、石化等一些工廠所排放的高濃度廢水時(shí),一般都會(huì)設(shè)置事故池。

107、隔油池

利用廢水中懸浮物和水的比重不同而達(dá)到分離的目的。

108、氣浮

在水中產(chǎn)生大量的微細(xì)氣泡,使空氣以高度分散的微小氣泡形式附著在懸浮物顆粒上,造成密度小于水的狀態(tài),利用浮力原理使其浮在水面,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)固-液分離。

109、生化池

生化處理中細(xì)菌代謝所處的場(chǎng)池子。

110、二沉池

即二次沉淀池,二沉池是活性污泥系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,其作用主要是使污泥分離,使混合液澄清、濃縮和回流活性污泥。

111、平流式沉淀池

池體平面為矩形,進(jìn)口和出口分設(shè)在池長(zhǎng)的兩端。

112、豎流式沉淀池

又稱立式沉淀池,是池中廢水豎向流動(dòng)的沉淀池。池體平面圖形為圓形或方形,水由設(shè)在進(jìn)水管自上而下進(jìn)入池內(nèi)。通過污泥自身重量沉淀。

113、幅流式沉淀池

廢水自進(jìn)水管進(jìn)入池,沿半徑方向向池周緩緩流動(dòng)。懸浮物在流動(dòng)中沉降,并沿池底坡度進(jìn)入污泥斗,澄清水從池周溢流出水渠。

114、污泥池

一般是用于盛放回流污泥及剩余污泥的池子。

115、監(jiān)測(cè)池

又稱清水池,用于盛放處理過的污水。

116、凝聚

膠體失去穩(wěn)定性的過程。俗稱膠體脫穩(wěn)。

117、絮凝

脫穩(wěn)膠體互相聚結(jié)成大顆粒絮體的過程。

118、混凝

通過脫穩(wěn)、絮凝形成大顆粒的絮凝物的兩個(gè)階段的整個(gè)過程。凝聚和絮凝的總稱

119、新陳代謝

機(jī)體與外界環(huán)境之間的物質(zhì)和能量交換以及生物體內(nèi)物質(zhì)和能量的自我更新過程叫做新陳代謝。新陳代謝包括合成代謝(同化作用)和分解代謝(異化作用)。

120、菌膠團(tuán)

有些細(xì)菌由于其遺傳特性決定,細(xì)菌之間按排列方式互相粘集在一起,被一個(gè)公共莢膜包圍形成細(xì)菌集團(tuán),叫做菌膠團(tuán)。

121、絲狀菌

結(jié)構(gòu)為絲狀的一類細(xì)菌。菌膠團(tuán)的骨架。

122、自養(yǎng)菌

以無機(jī)碳源為碳源的細(xì)菌

123、異養(yǎng)菌

以有機(jī)碳源為碳源的細(xì)菌

124、厭氧環(huán)境

理論上厭氧是指沒有分子氧,也沒有硝態(tài)氮。但是實(shí)際工作中不可能達(dá)到。工程DO<0.2為厭氧,,

125、好氧環(huán)境

既有溶解氧又有硝態(tài)氮。工程上DO>0.5以上為好氧。

126、缺氧環(huán)境

是指沒有分子氧有硝態(tài)氮。工程上DO在0.2~0.5為缺氧。

127、活性污泥法

通過菌膠團(tuán)的吸附,代謝,泥水分離來實(shí)現(xiàn)的一直污水處理方法。

128、生物膜法

利用附著生長(zhǎng)于某些固體物表面的微生物(即生物膜)進(jìn)行有機(jī)污水處理的方法。

129、水力停留時(shí)間

簡(jiǎn)寫作HRT,水處理工藝名詞,水力停留時(shí)間是指待處理污水在反應(yīng)器內(nèi)的平均停留時(shí)間,也就是污水與生物反應(yīng)器內(nèi)微生物作用的平均反應(yīng)時(shí)間。

130、泥齡

指曝氣池中微生物細(xì)胞的平均停留時(shí)間。對(duì)于有回流的活性污泥法,污泥泥齡就是曝氣池全池污泥平均更新一次所需的時(shí)間(以天計(jì))。

131、SV

30分鐘沉降比,是指將混勻的曝氣池活性污泥混合液迅速倒進(jìn)1000ml量筒中至滿刻度,靜置沉淀30分鐘后,則沉淀污泥與所取混合液之體積比為污泥沉降比,又稱污泥沉降體積(SV30)以mL/L表示。因?yàn)槲勰喑两?0分鐘后,一般可達(dá)到或接近密度上限,所以普遍以此時(shí)間作為該指標(biāo)測(cè)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間。

132、MLSS

污泥濃度,1升曝氣池污泥混合液所含干污泥的重量

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